tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34875146836668845022024-03-08T01:15:28.996-08:00Uni essay writingConflict Mediator Topics To Write An Essay Onvelmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.comBlogger150125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-4366287109783459242020-09-03T04:58:00.001-07:002020-09-03T04:58:11.556-07:00Middle School Advisory Program Evaluation A Program Evaluation EssayCenter School Advisory Program Evaluation A Program Evaluation ProposalSelf Reporting can be risky Disconnect between Likert Scale Responses and Free Responses Low Response Rate on Staff Survey - Essay Example To utilization of likert scale on such populace would not give precise outcome thinking about that the perspectives on the instructors in the Pacific Cascade Middle School were fluctuated. This implies the scale would not have the option to quantify the genuine mentality of the educators. Further, this technique for gathering information was more likely than not gave the respondents the chance to be affected by the past inquiries. There was inclination that the respondents were inclining towards one side of the scale just to abstain from being extraordinary. Additionally, it was hard to test whether the respondent were lying, despite the fact that the instruments were tried for their unwavering quality, it was as yet hard to manage the mistake that may have went with the reactions. The law reaction rate by the respondents especially on the free reaction was a significant mishap to check the discoveries that the educators had given. This exceptionally diminished the example size that could have been critical in acquiring realities. Mugenda and Mugenda (2010) uncovers that in a populace of 30, exactness would be yielded with a turnout of over 90%. In this examination, just 17 instructors restored their polls. The law of examination has not had the option to perceive how to manage the issue with oneself revealing. This make such issues some portion of examination. This examination was influenced without anyone else detailing that current issues like falsehood. In spite of the fact that the examination endeavored to put legitimacy measures, controlling a colossal number of understudies in molding their mentalities towards the exploration was a hard velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-3206166597222822742020-08-26T17:00:00.001-07:002020-08-26T17:00:07.453-07:00Family Therapy Model EssayFamily treatment models of psychotherapy can be isolated into three classificationsââ¬ahistorical, recorded, and experiential (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). The ahistorical grouping incorporates auxiliary family treatment, key family treatment, social family treatment, psychoeducational family treatment, and correspondence models (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). The verifiable characterization incorporates object relations hypothesis and Bowen frameworks hypothesis (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). The experiential characterization contains only one modelââ¬the experiential family treatment model (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). While the chronicled models center around changing the familyââ¬â¢s examples of association as a methods for expelling the introducing issues, the recorded models are established in analysis, with a more drawn out treatment mediation in which the specialist is less required than in different arrangements (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). Experiential models, then again, are progressively worried about the patientââ¬â¢s development, a procedure of both encountering and observing interior issues, and the patientââ¬â¢s self-character advancement inside the family setting (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3). The historical backdrop of the models and the therapistââ¬â¢s job in each varies, so given the size constraints of this paper, a different history on each isn't possible. Every hypothesis has its own significant donors. Among the ahistorical models, basic family hypothesis, for instance, was impacted by Gregory Bateson, who concentrated on verbal and nonverbal correspondence; the Palo Alto Team, which built up the idea of ââ¬Å"family homeostasis;â⬠and Salvador Minuchin, who considered families to be working to mingle kids and encourage the shared help of wedded couples, enduring issues when limits were either excessively permeable or excessively unbending (Werner-Wilson, n.d., pp. 2-4). Of the chronicled models, object relations hypothesis was impacted by Melanie Klein and later by Otto Kernberg, who concentrated on drives and the union of Freudian and non-Freudian objectâ relations hypothesis, separately (Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 3; Tribich, 1981, p. 27). In the experiential model, Whitaker reclassified manifestations as ââ¬Å"attempts at growthâ⬠and utilized demonstrating to offer ââ¬Å"fantasy options in contrast to genuine stressorsâ⬠(Griffin and Greene, 1998, p. 12). Three of the five key ideas of family treatment models are epitomized in Schutzââ¬â¢s Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation, or FIRO modelââ¬inclusion, control, and warmth (Hafner and Ross, 1989, p. 974). Parr (2000, p. 256) alludes to the fondness idea as ââ¬Å"intimacyâ⬠when she states, ââ¬Å"The family FIRO model theorizes a paradigmatic perspective on the familyââ¬â¢s relationship association around the three interrelated center needs of consideration, control, and intimacy.â⬠Inclusion includes a sentiment of having a place inside the family setting, and it requires a feeling of connectedness, a mutual conviction framework, and a composed structure that the family consolidates to deal with issues of jobs and limits (Parr, 2000, p. 255). The idea of control includes the manner in which the family cooperates regarding force and impact, as when these are utilized to determine struggle in the regions of ââ¬Å"discipline, job exchanges, and issue solvingâ⬠(Parr, 2000, p. 256). The love or closeness idea shows the family membersââ¬â¢ requirements for collaborations that permit them to open up to one another about their emotions and territories of defenselessness (Parr, 2000, p. 256). Another key idea is correspondence hypothesis. There are differed sorts of correspondence hypothesis, yet the one that is generally fitting to family treatment is family correspondence designs hypothesis, which fills in as a model of family correspondence dependent on social associations among correspondence practices (Fitzpatrick, 2004, p. 175). At long last, the idea of systems is a fundamental piece of the family treatment approach. Systems offer help during family treatment when the family itself is under pressure. As Goldenberg and Goldenberg (p. 12) call attention to, ââ¬Å"The backing of a system of companions, more distant family, ministry, neighbors, managers, and individual representatives and the accessibility of network assets regularly add to family recovery,â⬠and ââ¬Å"even riotous, complicated, oppressive, and multi-issue families have resources.â⬠An assessment of family treatment from the Christian point of view uncovers that it is good with Christian standards. Since it is a method of treatment predicated essentially on understanding the elements of family life and assisting relatives with changing their broken conduct, there is little in family treatment thatâ runs experiencing some miscommunication with Christian reasoning. Consideration, control, and friendship are largely Christian ideas also. Everybody is remembered for the gathering of those qualified to be Christians, and one just needs to decide to have a place. Control of oneââ¬â¢s activities is basic to the Christian point of view, with signs of an absence of control being viewed as issues. Warmth is a sign of Christianity, and Jesus showed certified friendship to individuals, asking his followers to do likewise. Correspondence hypothesis is more than applicable to Christianity, as confirm by the huge measure of correspondence that happens in the Bible and the numerous associations that are recorded there to assist adherents with understanding both attractive and unfortunate types of correspondence. In addition, Christianity is a network situated religion from various perspectives, encouraging adherents to help those out of luck and to cherish others, so its statutes fit perfectly into the idea of the encouraging group of people, also. Jesus went about the open country, as did His followers, taking assistance to individuals in different towns en route, and there is an unmistakable feeling of network in the Christian lifestyle, which considers different peopleââ¬â¢s emotions, government assistance, and interests just as oneââ¬â¢s own. At long last, there is in Christianity a solid family model, as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are basically an awesome nuclear family, and therefore family treatment models are characteristically organized to identify with the Christian model. References Fitzpatrick, M.A. (2004). Family Communication Patterns Theory: Observations on its Development and Application. The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3/4), 167-179. EBSCO Host. Goldenberg, H., Goldenberg, I. (2007). Family Therapy: An Overview. Florence, KY: Brooks Cole. Griffin, W.A., Greene, S.M. (1998). Models of Family Therapy: The Essential Guide. New York: Routledge. Hafner, R.J., Ross, M.W. (1989). The FIRO Model of Family Therapy: Implications of Factor Analysis. Diary of Clinical Psychology, 45(6), 974-979. Klein, M., Tribich, D. (1981). Kernbergââ¬â¢s Object-Relations Theory: A Critical Evaluation. Worldwide Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 62, 27-43. Recovered on March 25, 2010 from: http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=IJP.062.0027A Werner-Wilson, R.J. (n.d.). Family Therapy Theory. Recovered on March 25, 2010 from: http://www.public.iastate.edu/~hd_fs.511/address/Sourcebook20.ppt velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-12357088143497656502020-08-22T18:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T18:14:36.868-07:00Outline How Material Things Essay Example for FreeBlueprint How Material Things Essay City Road is a major street loaded up with bunches of various societies, sex, class, age and history. When strolling not far off it very well may be seen that the having a place and not having a place in the general public. It opens your eyes regarding what precisely goes on in various social orders and City Road is a major road with a great deal of requests and structures in it. Throughout the years society changed thus did the road. It passes by what is sought after, how society changes and by far most of various societies coming into the territory. You see many individuals attempting to fit in with the general public and many attempting to clutch their own characters. Above all else Iââ¬â¢m going to discuss the Ethnicity in the city. We are setting off to the Xquisite Africa shop. Janet, the woman that possesses the shop starts from Africa and moved to the UK more than ten years prior. At the point when she went to the UK she imagined that she needed to change her character and adjust to the general public. She sells a great deal of things from Africa and by doing this she gets the chance to clutch her personality of the African culture and furthermore requests to clients from a similar ethnic foundation. She felt in the wake of being in the UK for a long time that she had lost her character thus she chose to travel back home to Africa to re-charge her batteries as she puts it. She needed to re-gain her way of life that she so urgently lost. This viewpoint could enable her re-to pick up her way of life and character and permits her to impart this to the correct customer base from a multi-racial foundation. She can share a condition of having a place with a social gathering that shares for all intents and purpose a national or social foundation, while haggling with individuals on the complex of various characters. She adds to the African public activity and society just as on City Road. In this way advancing her African foundation and comprehension there is no compelling reason to fit in with the general public and changing her character. We at that point move onto class in the Municipal Club. A social layer, whose individuals share a specific financial, social or social qualities. For this case the common laborers. It is focused on the neighborhood occupants and has more than 100 years of history. A gathering containing individuals viewed as sharing certain qualities of attributes practically speaking has gradually vanished and they long for the general public to change back to what they trusted it was. While in the (DVD, Making public activities on City Road, 2009, scene 5) Lloyd Robson converses with couple of occupants in the club and gets their understanding of what is happening. He inquired as to whether they suspected the club had a future. They said no. nobody needs to know it any longer and even the individuals have begun to lose intrigue. But since the general public has transformed it implied that they portrayed city street as being perilous and harsh. They long for the past. They need it to return to what they state it used to be or envisioned it. The disparities and contrasts that has changed and furthermore the customs has been lost. They come up short on the feeling of having a place they utilized with have when City Road used to be theirs. At that point we run over the Sanna Silk shop. This is the place the female is preferred over the male. Itââ¬â¢s a privately-run company orientated around females as they sell and make dresses of various materials. They get the chance to pick their kind of material and their examples. It is mostly engaged at Asian ladies. In the (DVD, Making public activities on City Road, 2009, scene 6 by Raghuran) she says ââ¬Å"it is an altogether different method of depicting Asian ladies than I frequently found in the media. â⬠They likewise have a segment for gems. The majority of their adornments is 22 carat gold and is chiefly focused on the ladies. They additionally have a choice for their big day. So it has an Asian culture that is despite the fact that yes men go in to purchase yet is female orientated. End Therefore in City Road, my models favor female sexual orientation exercises over male, is a very multi-racial region and favors explicit class over others. In this way clarifying society changes constantly and adjusts to whatever is more sought after in that particular time of time. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-81154112263168275812020-08-22T08:53:00.001-07:002020-08-22T08:53:24.496-07:00Is there such a thing as fair trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 wordsIs there such an incredible concept as reasonable exchange - Essay Example There are various gatherings and affiliations that have communicated the above assessments and different issues confronting the world item makers. Such promoters incorporate; Caritas International, Amnesty International and Oxfam. Be that as it may, in spite of these firm advocates, there have been a few contentions connected to Free exchange. A few people state that facilitated commerce is simply a sponsorship while others guarantee that unhindered commerce advocates don't have the capacity to change the exchanging framework the world over. They accept that ranchers are confronting a circumstance that is just out of hand and it will take significantly more than facilitated commerce goals to transform it. 2There were four fundamental reasonable exchange associations that surfaced with a definition for Fair exchange. These four associations were known as FINE. They characterized reasonable exchange as a type of organization that targets founding value in exchange. The exchange alluded to by this association is worldwide in nature. Also, they bolster laborers who have been minimized and let some circulation into their perspectives through reasonable exchange associations. The last gathering offers battles and advises laborers about their privileges. Reasonable exchange depends on various standards; the first being reasonable compensation. Pay might be named reasonable on the off chance that it joins all the costs that laborers brought about during the procedure of creation. It should likewise cover condition contemplations and worker's social needs. It should likewise be on schedule and should cover their future creation needs. Reasonable exchange is additionally established on the rule that laborers ought to have the ability to take an interest completely in their business sectors. They ought to be given the motivating forces to deal with their items well and furthermore to accomplish more prominent adaptability inside this domain. On these, ranchers and different workers ought to be dealt with in an open and straightforward way. Nobody has the consent to exploit their vulnerabilities through concealed dealings. People ought to be treated as equivalents paying little heed to what their social premises might be. Repayments must be relative to the measure of work done as opposed to one's sex. As indicated by reasonable exchange advocates, laborers ought to be given sheltered and helpful situations. This infers youngsters might be permitted to work if this doesn't come in the method of their training, ell being, security and development. Ultimately, reasonable exchange demoralizes the utilization of ecologically well disposed working procedures, for example, it unequivocally restricts the [production of hereditarily altered nourishments since they hurt the earth. 3In the ongoing past, the FLO International (which sets norms in reasonable exchange) made a naming framework where items can be Certified if the follow top Fair exchange standards. A portion of these standards are analyzed during the way toward growing a ware, gathering it and in any event, providing it to the world market. Items that win the reasonable exchange mark are those ones that don't utilize youngsters during kid labour.Additionally, they should not include the utilization of slave work of any sort. The ensured ware ought to likewise have been delivered in a domain that is sheltered to work in and one that doesn't subvert worker's human rights. Its cost should likewise be with the end goal that it can encourage some social issues confronting ranchers velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-24406258216084122812020-08-21T15:56:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:56:13.194-07:00New Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners Essay -- Internet EducatNew Learning Opportunities for Adult Learners The idea of grown-ups as students developed both in this nation and in Europe soon after World War I; in any case, just over the most recent couple of decades has the hypothesis of grown-up learning developed. Knowles, Tough, Houle, and Park, among others, have composed widely on the possibility of the grown-up student. In Tennant's book (1997), he talked about Knowles' grown-up learning hypothesis. Knowles utilized the term andragogy to name grown-up learning hypothesis. The andragogical model of the grown-up student depends on the suspicions that grown-ups need to know; grown-ups have a should act naturally coordinated students and have a self-idea of being liable for their own choices and for their own lives; grown-ups bring supplies of their own encounters that acted like a huge assets during the time spent learning; grown-ups come prepared and inspired to realize what they have to know so as to adapt; and keeping in mind that grown-ups know about outside inspirations (better occ upations, advancements), it is interior weights (work fulfillment, confidence) that are the most remarkable helpers (Tennant, 1997). While grown-up students are continually looking for explicit data and information that is applicable to their quick issues, and know that they would profit by further training, many are not intrigued by a standard long haul course of study. They don't have the opportunity or vitality to get engaged with conventional training framework, and their interests are setting reliant, centered around explicit data applicable to their prompt concerns (Tennant, 1997). Given this data, it is common that instructors look to this generally new wonder innovation, in particular, the Internet for Web-based learning openings. The W... ... students with a wide assortment of learning styles. References: Henke, H. (1997). Assessing online guidance plan [online]. Recovered January 24, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://scis.nova.edu/~henkeh/story1.htm Lohr, L. (1998). Utilizing ADDIE to structure an electronic preparing interface [online]. Recovered April 1, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://www.coe.uh.edu/insite/elec_pub/HTML1998/id_lohr.htm McManus, T.F. (1995). Extraordinary contemplations for structuring web based training. Innovation and Teacher Education Annual, 1995, 32, 51-57. Tennant, M. (1997). Brain science and grown-up learning (second ed.) (pp. 9). New York: Routledge. Twigg, C.A. (1994). The requirement for a national learning foundation [online]. Recovered January 24, 1999 from the World Wide Web: http://192.52.179.128/program/nlii/keydocs/monograph.html velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-39526074139658751472020-08-21T05:51:00.001-07:002020-08-21T05:51:48.321-07:00How Easy Is It to Develop a Drug AddictionHow Easy Is It to Develop a Drug Addiction Addiction Drug Use Print How Easy Is It to Develop a Drug Addiction? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 12, 2019 More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery There are a lot of factors that may make you more susceptible to one drug over another. Everyone is different and there are too many factors to give anyone an easy answer as to how easy it is to get hooked on drugs. Varying factors can include the biological make-up of your body, how sensitive you may be to a certain drug and the chemical make-up of the drug itself. Some people might be able to use a drug many times without suffering any ill effects, while another person might take the same drug and have a bad reaction or even overdose the first time they use it. Likewise, you can become addicted to a drug the first time you try it, while another person might never form an addiction at all. Some Drugs Are More Addictive Than Others Just as there are vast differences between the people doing drugs, there are also big differences between the types of drugs out there. For example, you may use powdered cocaine and never become addicted to it, but if you were to sample crack cocaine or heroin, you might get addicted the first time you try it. Tolerance Is a Key Symptom of Addiction Sometimes an addiction can sneak up on you slowly and insidiously. As you continue to use a drug, you can slowly build up a tolerance to it, which means that you no longer get the same feeling or high that you once got by taking a small amount. Once your tolerance begins to build, you might increase the dose or frequency of taking the drug. You are trying to get that same high that you felt in the beginning when your body was not used to the drug. As you continue to build tolerance, you end up taking more of the drug. Your body becomes chemically dependent on the drug. Which means, you discover that you need to take the drug just to feel normal or leveled out. Changing the Brains Reward System Drug addiction is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brainâ"they change its structure and how it works. These brain changes can be long-lasting and can lead to harmful behaviors. Brain imaging studies of people with addiction show physical changes in areas of the brain that are critical to judgment, decision-making, learning and memory, and behavior control. Research tells us that repeated use of a drug actually begins to make chemical changes in the brain that alters the brains reward system. When someone continues to use a substance even when it no longer provides pleasure, its called the pathological pursuit of rewards, or addiction. Usually, it takes some time for a drug to begin to change the brains reward system to the point that a person forms an addiction, but some drugs can do so very quickly. A Word From Verywell Drugs can potentially have life-threatening consequences, and individuals can have very different reactions to the same drug. If you are particularly sensitive to the effects of a certain drug, trying it even once could potentially be dangerous. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-78665280643760502422020-06-09T02:46:00.001-07:002020-06-09T02:46:04.223-07:00Financial Affairs Of Local Government Of District Multan - Free Essay Example Abstract Public finance deals with the financial management of public entities. This paper provides an overview of the financial affairs of local government of district Multan and identifies issues faced by the systems to deliver efficiently and effectively. It also highlights areas or improvement and opportunities to fund these activities. The district government heavily relies on the provincial grants and has very limited self generated revenue. Although it is responsible to manage various institutions of social services and carry out developmental activities in the district, its reliance on provincial grants make its effort less effective. TMA on the other hand have significant revenue generation and use this to their advantage and work with autonomy. However they still rely on provincial grants for any developmental activities. The stale business process and hurdles in the legal framework also contribute significantly towards the in efficiency of the systems. There are solutions that can help turn around the situation but it needs a sincere effort on part the provincial and local government. Automation and legal reforms could cover a lot of issues. They would not only increase efficiency but would help curtail corruption at various levels. However strong political could change the scene altogether. A comprehensive p rocess was adopted in collecting secondary data through official documents, template and meetings with officials. District Multan was chosen due to its importance specially in the current political setup and based on convenience. Introduction Despite some modest achievements, the economic and social progress in Pakistan has been far from satisfactory during the last more than five decades of independence. Average annual growth rate of 6.8, 4.8, 6.5 and 4.6% (Government of Pakistan, 2003) respectively in the decades of 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s is not comparable with the rapid economic progress made by South Korea, Malaysia, China and many other countries which were initially at nearly the same level of economic development (or even below) as that of Pakistan. The performance on social indicators has been gloomier. Despite average figures for economic growth, many countries like Vietnam and Cuba have been able to eradicate illiteracy and have achieved health statistics comparable with developed countries (Zaidi, 2000). Pakistan still ranks at the tail end of social development ranking. Pakistan is also a signatory to the Millennium Declaration, a landmark event showing commitment of political, corporate and civil society leadership to eliminate extreme hunger and poverty and to improve education, health, gender and environment situation through global partnerships for development. A study of the progress achieved on achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) shows that the performance of Pakistan has not been noteworthy in the decade of 90s. There has been a gradual convergence of opinion amongst all stakeholders à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" government, civil society as well as international development partners à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" that the failure in social sectors is a direct outcome of the crisis of governance and macro economic imbalances. Further, there is a broad consensus that governance cannot be improved without a meaningful devolution of authority to functional tiers and without ensuring peopleà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s participation in decision making processes at all levels. This stakeholder consensus provided the necessary impetus for the present government to introduce its devolution reforms conceived in 2000 and launched simultaneously in all provinces of Pakistan through introduction of Local Government Ordinances in 2001. Until the promulgation of Local Government Ordinances, the elected local government tiers had a precarious existence depending upon the will of the provincial governments. Many times these would be dissolved and un-elected administrators appointed. Working under the ambit of Local government Ordinances of 1979, there were urban and rural local councils. While urban local councils consisted of Metropolitan/Municipal Corporations and Municipal/Town committees, the rural councils were called District Councils and Union Councils. Traditionally the local councils in Pakistan have performed municipal functions like water supply, sanitation, solid waste management, fire fighting, maintenance of slaughter houses, promotion of cattle markets, fairs and exhibitions and street lighting. They also had varying roles in primary and preventive health care, maternal and child health, promotion of literacy and rural infrastructure development. Devolution reforms in Pakistan, introduced by the promulgation of Local Government Ordinances of 2001 have provided a 3-tier local government system consisting of District Government (DG), Tehsil/Town Municipal Administration (TMA) and Union Administrations (UA). Working under the direction and control of elected councils and Nazims, the present local government system attempts to create institutions and mechanisms for public participation in design, management, monitoring and control of social service delivery. Many of the functions previously performed by the local offices of provincial government departments now clearly fall within the domain of DGs. These reforms are aimed to increase local governmentsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ responsibility for efficient and effective social and municipal services delivery. Municipal functions with a wider scope are being carried out by Town Municipal Administrations and City District Governments (established initially in provincial headquarters but su bsequently in selected big cities as well). Access to adequate resources for the local governments is now considered essential. Additional fiscal space is required for enhanced allocations for the social sector as well as infrastructure development. These resources are also required to meet the social deficits that have accumulated over the past due to inadequate funding coupled with low utilisation in social sectors. Devolution reforms, as originally conceived and articulated, envisaged large scale fiscal decentralisation to follow the administrative and political decentralisation. While a fiscal relationship has been forged between the province and the districts, an extensive reorganisation of resources has not taken place and the vertical financial imbalance stays in place with the major financial collections being made at the federal (and to a lesser extent at the provincial) level. On the other hand, the service provision has fallen at the DG level where the tax base and collection potential is the lowest. Courtesy: Decentralization Support Program, Role Book: 4-day workshop for elected local leadershipResultantly, the biggest challenge facing the local councils in Pakistan (which are more empowered today and have a wider scope of functions than ever) is to ensure consistent, reliable and fool proof mechanisms of transfers from provincial governments and to expand à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"own source revenuesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in order to provide efficient and effective service delivery as envisaged in devolution reforms. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã âPublic FinanceÃâà is that part of finance which hovers around the central question of allocation of resources subjected to the budget constraint of the government or public entities. It is that branch of economics which identifies and appraises the means and effects of the policies of the government. Public sector finance tries to examine the effects and consequences of different types of taxation and expenditures on the economic agents (individuals, institutions, organizations, etc.) of the society and ultimately on the entire economy. Public finance also analyzes the effectiveness of the policies aimed at certain objectives and consequently to the development of procedures and techniques for increasing the effectiveness of the policyà ¢Ã¢â ¬? (Economy Watch, 2010). Literature Review Much of the functional autonomy of the local governments depends upon their ability to raise the required resources from their own sources and to get the balance from the provincial/federal government through consistent and assured mechanisms. This requires not only devising institutional mechanisms for formula and criteria based fiscal transfers but also exploring revenue potentials of local own source revenues. These own source revenues can be in the form of taxes and fees for services provided. It is quite surprising that despite the significance of this, very few local studies have been carried out to examine the resource potential of the local bodies in Pakistan. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) of Pakistan, formulated after considerable debate and input from all major stakeholders, admits that the local governments depend primarily upon fiscal transfers from provincial governments and recognises the need for local revenue mobilisation as an important activity for the sustainability of local government system. Factors steeped in political economy and elite structures have influenced local revenue generation decisions. Howe and Reeb (1997) conducting a survey of the local tax system in USA since the colonial times have determined that economic and political considerations have influenced the tax systems. Bird (2000) gives the desirable characteristics of a local tax. First, the tax base should be relatively immobile so that local governments can vary the rates without losing a significant portion of the base. Second, the tax yield should be adequate to meet the local needs, increase overtime as expenditure increases, and be relatively stable and predictable. Third, the tax should be one that is not easy to export to non residents. Fourth, the tax base should be visible to ensure accountability. Fifth, the tax payers should perceive the tax to be reasonably fair. Sixth, the tax should be reasonably easy to administer. According to Bird (1999), à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"international experience tells that the most responsible and accountable local governments are those that raise their own revenues and set their own tax ratesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢. Meaningful local autonomy and accountability can only take place if the local governments are able to set their own tax rates. In Pakistan, on the other hand, provincial government has the power to vet the tax proposal and no tax can be levied by a local council without publication in official gazette. Kitchen and Slack (2003) after a comprehensive analysis of local taxes in developed world, including Canada, are of the view that in order to meet the growing needs of municipalities, it is mandatory that new resources in addition to the traditional property tax and user fees must be explored. There is little autonomy in preparing district development and non development budgets because of inability to convey the quantum of provincial transfers and vertical programmes. There is more à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"budgetary certaintyà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in TMAs because of increased reliance on OZT replacement tax and own source revenues. Formula based transfers to districts through Provincial Finance Commission (PFC) awards have several weaknesses. District governments have weak tax base in terms of buoyancy and potency of taxes assigned. Urban Immovable Property Tax (UIPT) assigned to TMAs is a buoyant tax but there are administrative confusions. According to Shah et al. (1996) and World Bank (2000) the existing provincial taxes and user charges are inefficient and inequitable and are incapable of meeting significant share of provincial expenditures. Frequently changing and low yield tax instruments with poor tax records create incentives for tax evasion. Considering that agriculture contributes approximately 25% of the GDP in Pakistan, it is estimated that a properly enforced Agricultural Income Tax (AIT) could generate over Rs. 500 million in NWFP only. Presently due to collusion between revenue officials and landowners, lack of understanding, improper assessment and poor collection by the tax collectors, very little of the potential is realised. Bahl (2004) states that in the contemporary world nearly 80 countries are implementing fiscal decentralisation policies. Local government should have the power to define revenue bases, set tax rates and raise taxes. A good tax system should be administratively feasible, revenue burden should correspond to the general condition of local economy, revenue yield should be stable and it should be adequate both for payer and local government. A research study carried out by Provincial Program Support Office, DSP, Punjab à ¢Ã¢â ¬ÃÅ"Tax and Non Tax Receipt Database Development à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" TMA Khanewalà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ in 2005 indicates that there is substantial potential of increase in revenues without enhancing the rates. It has been observed that service delivery potential of the TMA is weak because of its inability to meet all the expenditures. The record of TMA is old; there is no practice of periodic update; and monitoring system is weak. The study also noted that revenue generation can improve dramatically by improving record keeping through maintenance of disaggregated information of taxes and tax payers in all details by the use of information technology. The study recommended computerisation of tax records, capacity building of tax/revenue staff, and increase in transparency of tax records, wider dissemination of information about tax policies, rates and procedures through establishment of people friend ly frameworks. Research Methodology The paper examines the current financial situation of district Multan and identifies areas of potential improvement. It also recommends areas that need restructuring and legal reforms to bring about the change that would not only improve systems but would make it robust and ready for future economic growth of the district, keeping in mind the potential the district. Mixed methodology including quantitative and qualitative tools was employed for data collection and analysis. Broadly speaking, it had the following three components. Component 1: The first component involved conducting a comprehensive literature review to see the national, regional and international trends in local resource mobilisation and issues faced by the system. The range of sources accessed and reports/publications examined is broad and includes similar studies conducted for other districts in Pakistan (e.g. Khanewal) and elsewhere. Unfortunately, to the extent of Pakistan, the Khanewal study is so far the only study available as a reference for examination of local resource enhancement in the local government. Greater reliance, therefore, had to be placed on studies conducted in other countries. Nevertheless, the literature review helped in identifying the issues involved in local taxation (levy, assessment and collection) and an examination thereof in a comparative perspective. The success of local governments to raise resources locally is largely contingent on framing appropriate laws and rules in consonance with the ground realities. Therefore, an important part of the literature review exercise was to identify relevant laws, rules, regulations, notifications and circulars that in some distinct manner impinge upon the resource mobilisation at district/tehsil level. Component 2: Along with the literature review an exercise was also undertaken to collect data for the District Government (DG) Multan and each of the six Tehsil Municipal Administrations included in the two districts. A comprehensive template was developed to standardise data collected from various councils. It lists all major and minor sources of revenue for a local council; the legal framework (law/rule/regulation) authorising its levy; business process for assessment and collection; the amount budgeted against each tax/levy/fee/cess etc for each of the last four fiscal years 2007-10; budgetary revisions (if any) and collections actually realised. The budget documents for the last four years were used as the starting point and the amount budgeted for each source was picked from the budget documents. Component 3 A detailed analysis of receipts, expenditure, development initiatives, review of business process and relevant legal provision and their issues was carried out. Component 4: Then a series of individual interviews were held. This included meeting the Tehsil Municipal Officers, Executive District Officers (Revenue, Finance and Planning, Municipal Services), various District Officers, Excise and taxation officials, Multan Development Authority and Water and Sanitation Agency officials The suggestions and recommendations on the perspectives emanating from these interviews. Data Analysis and interpretation Overview of Public Finance (district government budget) Rs. in millions Description 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Expenditure Actual Actual RE Non-development 2,762.80 3,912.51 4,066.98 Development 1,462.49 1,539.14 882.19 Development à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" tied grant 300.12 512.19 965.16 Total 4,525.41 5,963.84 5,914.34 Source of revenue 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Opening balance 386.16 995.15 1,086.13 Provincial grants 3,780.30 3,853.29 5,172.88 Own Source revenue 201.07 149.37 140.13 Tied grants (development and non-development) 475.84 801.40 1,017.88 Total 4,853.37 5,726.64 7,417.02 Revenue of the district is of two types i.e. Own source revenue and provincial transfers. In district Multan there is a heavy reliance on funding from provincial government since district OSR is almost negligible. Efforts are needed to change the scenario and move the district towards sustainability A sharp rise of 37% in provincial grants could be noticed in the FY 2008-09 over FY 2007-08 endorsing districtà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s dependence on these transfers. The provincial grants are transferred as per the PFC criteria which will be discussed in depth later in the chapter. Tied grants being the second highest source has been transferred for development and non development expenses of the district government. For the FY 2008-09 the tied grants are Rs. 1,018m which constitute 13.7% of the total sources. These grants are for specific expenditure and are not in districtà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s control. The own source revenue (OSR) of the district govt. forms a very insignificant amount (2%, 20 08-09), rendering the district to rely heavily on provincial transfers. The OSR of the district has been on a decreasing trend compared to overall resource requirement. This is a major cause of concern as this not only increases dependence on provincial transfer but it also affects the autonomy of the district to make decisions. A sincere effort to revamp the taxes and their collection mechanism is required with the focus on generating more resource. In budget for FY 2009-10 there is an increase in OSR of 40% which includes estimation of arrears that are more than 3 years old. These balances are very old and have been appearing in budget estimates for over more than 3 years. However the increase is still insignificant compare to the requirement of the district. A detailed analysis of item by item sources of income was done. Issues relating to a few significant items will be highlighted in the section of recommendations. Expenditures are categorized in to two broad categories i.e. Development and Non development. The ratio of development vs. non development expenditure has changed over the years with a downward trend in development expenditure. This trend should be a cause of concern as the development projects loose priority to make way for funding ongoing activities In 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 the ratio of non developmental expenses vs. development expenses is 61% to 39%, 66% to 34% and 69% to 31% respectively. This shows the declining trend of developmental budget. The year 2008-09 saw a drop in the allocation for developmental activities out of district government resources from Rs. 1,538 m in FY 2007-08 to Rs. 1,082 m in FY 2008-09. This huge reduction was somewhat compensated through increase in development expenditure through tied grants which rose from Rs. 512m in FY 2007-08 to Rs. 965m in FY 2008-09. In FY 2008-09 the budget estimate for development activities other than CCB and tied gr ants stood at Rs. 558 m for ongoing activities and Rs. 742 m for new activities. The revised estimate for same expenditure came out to be Rs. 656m. Which means that not only new activities were not initiated nor ongoing expenditure targets were met. The major reasons identified during discussion is the change in political setup in the province resulting in delay tactics for funds transfer. The development budget for the district government consists of funds allocated towards Annual development program, Citizen Community board and Tied grants (provided by provincial government against specific development projects). In the FY 2009-10 the total budget for development stands at Rs. 2,749 m which is 38% of the total budget for this year. The total allocation towards ADP is Rs. 1,492 m which is 54% of the total development budget. This ADP has Rs. 966m as ongoing projects that have started in previous years. This is a large allocation and has taken up approximately 35% of the share from development budget. The new projects identified for the year are 19% of the total development budget. The ADP (ongoing and new) are mainly focused on following sectors Annual development program 2009-10 % Sectors Rs. in millions Ãâà Education 214.342 14% Health 159.877 12% Dist. Govt. facilities 52.166 3% Solid waste management 26.188 2% Sports 47.14 3% General bus stand 64.259 4% Livestock and Fisheries 24.027 2% Firms to market roads 223.931 15% Roads, Building and Roundabouts 348.837 23% Others 332.034 22% Total 1492.801 The above table reflects district governmentà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s priorities for sector development. The social services such as health and education take up 26% of the share whereas the roads network takes up 38% of the allocation. Overview of Public Finance (All 6 TMAs) Rs. in millions Description 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Expenditure Non-development 251 247 326 Development 470 449 584 Total 721 697 910 Source of revenue 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Provincial grant 246 303 290 Own Source revenue 293 339 414 Total 540 642 704 There are 6 TMAs in the district and all of them have a reasonable amount of OSR to help them fund their activities. However there is still potential to increase their revenue specially taxes that form a major component of their OSR. Receipts of TMA consist of provincial transfer and OSR. In TMAs OSR contributes significantly. The ratio of contribution of OSR has in fact increased in FY 2008-09. This is a positive sign as far the TMAs ability to make decisions is involved. However there is still room for increase in revenue. The major source being taxes should be tapped into for more efficiency. It is worth noting, looking at the combined figures for all 6 TMAs, that the OSR in all the 3 FY under discussion has been sufficient to fund the non development activities even leaving a surplus to be spent on development activities. The development vs. non development expenses are more or less consistent at a ratio of 64:36 over the last 3 years. The above table shows the break up of development expenditure for the TMA. The allocation towards development expenditure is 64% of the total outlay. It has remained at this level over last 3 years. The allocation in FY 2008-09, which comprises of the annual development projects, CCB contribution and payment against liabilities amounts to Rs. 255m, Rs. 262m and Rs. 66 m, respectively. Payments against these liabilities were frozen by the government of Punjab and have asked the TMAs to present these liabilities as new projects under the ADP. Optimistic planning and change in political setup at the provincial level resulted in huge payment liabilities being carried forward to the next year. PFC award à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬Å" This is another source of income for the DG and TMAs. The criteria for distributing the PFC grant is specified by the Punjab Government and takes into consideration the population and socio economic indicator of the district (GOP, Budget White Paper, 2009-10) The district government and the TMAs have received funds at around 5% level from the provincial allocation over last 4 years. If we take a simple benchmark of population to compare the level of funding, Multan district has 4.26% population of Punjab (GOP, Punjab Development Statistics, 2009). This reflects that district Multan has been receiving fair share of the pie. 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 Resources transfer by Province to DG 90,794 96,952 99,413 108,822 TMA 13,541 14,431 15,320 15,209 Total 104,335 111,383 114,733 124,031 Allocation to DG and TMAs of Multan 4,512.56 4,885.02 6,480.43 6,108.37 % share 4.325% 4.386% 5.648% 4.925% Population Punjab 87,548 89,036 90,550 92,089 Multan 3,727 3,792 3,858 3,925 % population 4.26% 4.26% 4.26% 4.26% Recommendations Business process and legal reforms In this section we will focus our discussion on business process and relevant legal reforms to help identify areas of improvement. Section 116 of PLGO 2001 empowers the council to impose, increase, reduce, abolish, suspend and/or exempt any tax mentioned in the second schedule there in. However the section also mentioned that any amendment to taxes is vetted by the provincial government. This process hampers the local governmentsà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢ autonomy to set their own tax rates as the provincial government plays a controlling role. If full autonomy to fix rates etc. is not to be devolved, then the issue can be resolved by providing band widths within which the DGs and the TMAs would be free to act. To address the issue of stale process it is recommend that automation of business process, a comprehensive revenues base assessment and capacity building of staff should take place. The automation of business processes would result in better accounting, efficiency in tax collection mechanism hence increasing revenue, provide up to date databases, availability of information to be used by various department and timely reporting. It has been assessed that without increasing the rates of present taxes the yield can improve dramatically by maintaining records/registers properly, regular survey and incorporation of changes in tax records, improved monitoring and inclusion of systems of rewards and punishments for tax collecting machinery. Capacity and training of staff are critical to success of any initiative for enhancement of own source revenues. Local government officials dealing with these issues (in many cases) do not have up to date information about government laws and rules. Training with respect to financial management and procurement plus IT is also critical for bringing positive change. Low yielding taxes/fees are an administrative hassle for the collecting authority and they should be done away with or their rates be revised upwards to increase revenue. Dissemination of information about process, assessments, valuation table, and fees would help curtail corruption. One of the major reason people fall in the trap of providing kick backs is lack of information. This information could be made available through IEC material, notices in newspapers, display through posters in relevant offices and media awareness campaign. The business process of all OSR items such as taxes, rents and fees and user charge in the DGs and TMAs have mostly been defined a long time ago and the current LG setup has inherited them. There has not been any significant investment in review and reform of business processes of the taxes. Our research has shown that many improvements in the system can result from identification and removal of various loopholes and weaknesses in the processes. We recommend a comprehensive effort to be made to overhaul these processes which would result in collection efficiencies and significant improvement in tax payer facilitation. A quality control mechanism should be introduced to check functioning of various departments in the district. Conclusion This study briefly discusses the financial position of District Multan. It also carries out the financial analysis of the current situation and identifies issues faced by the local government. The major issues highlighted are capacity of the local government and the will to address issues. Multan being the 5th largest city of Pakistan has the potential to grow economically. It is well geographically well positioned since it lies in the middle of the trade route connecting south with north. A major initiative to revamp the systems would result in positive outcome for the people of the district. This paper also recommends few areas of improvement. A much larger effort needs to go into this. Recommendations such as legal reforms, revamping business process, trainings and automation needs to be implemented together to bring quick change. However this whole effort needs to be financed. The financing could take place with one or all of the following options; Lists of 11 properties were identified on a pilot basis. These properties/facilities are all in prime locations inside the city and are owned by the DG. We propose to sell of these properties and either abolished these facilities or relocate them to a more economical location. Through this proposal we would be able to raise Rs. 4,682 m. This in only the tip of iceberg, a more comprehensive study would reveal a lot more properties. Another area of resource generation is the property given on rent. The DG and TMA have many shops, stores and buildings that have been rented out. One of the ways forward could be to revise the rents and bring them at market level. Another option is to sell out these properties on market value and receive a good cash inflow that could be used for major initiatives. There are many government educational institutions with city limits many of them being on prime locations. A designated education city should be developed and all these institution should be shifted. A cost benefit analysis should be carried out to assess the potential of this option. Municipal bond is issued by a city or municipal bodies. The bond holders receive Interest income. à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã âMunicipal securities consist of both short-term issues (often called notes, which typically mature in one year or less) and long-term issues (commonly known as bonds, which mature in more than one year). Short-term notes are used by an issuer to raise money for a variety of reasons: in anticipation of future revenues such as taxes, state or federal aid payments, and future bond issuances; to cover irregular cash flows; meet unanticipated deficits; and raise immediate capital for projects until long-term financing can be arranged. Long term bonds are usually sold to finance capital projects over the longer termà ¢Ã¢â ¬? (Wikipedia, 2010). This could be another potential resource that could be launched. Pakistanà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s bond market is far behind the other emerging market in the region (Arif, 2006). Municipal finance in Pakistan, like many other developing coun tries, needs to be reengineered. While the smaller districts may not have a sufficient tax base, the larger municipalities are in a position to generate funds from pricing the services they deliver and by generating local revenue from direct taxation. The new devolution plan in Pakistan pre-empts local governments from raising funds in the capital markets. Municipal bonds are unheard of in Pakistan. Large municipalities, which have high-value assets, should be permitted to float bonds in open markets to finance development. The Capital Development Authority has recently announced an EOI calling for advisory services for launching of municipal bonds, results of which are to be seen. This could prove to be major source of fund for the local government and may provide an opportunity to fast track development efforts. The SBP has recently launched an Electronic Bond Trading Platform which would help develop bond markets by providing access to local and international investors. Amendment in section 120 of the PLGO 2001 would be required as a first step towards this process which bars the local governments to incur any debt. Citizen Community Board, an initiative to fuel development with focus on peopleà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s needs and promoting public private partnership, lost its charm over the period of time. Initiatives sought to take place did not take place, results sought to be achieved were not achieved. The 25% equivalent of DGà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s ADP and TMAà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â ¢s ADP have been set aside over years and utilization has been very low. We propose that this fund be utilized for other development initiatives since the concept of CCB, to achieve its goals, would take a long time, especially due to capacity constraints with the government setup. The amount of funds available are District Government Rs 558 million TMA Rs. 324 million Total Rs. 882 million velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-86390241402932415792020-05-24T17:16:00.001-07:002020-05-24T17:16:04.956-07:00Women Are Human Beings, Too - 1514 Words Women Are Human Beings, Too In early 2015, Mona Eltahawy stepped into one of the womenââ¬â¢s carriages of a Cairo metro. Then she felt a hand grab her hard between the legs. It was a hand of a man who had no legs and swung through the womenââ¬â¢s carriage to beg from the passengers. He and some of other women laughed and others just turned their faces; however, Mona was frozen by the ugliness of the situation (Aspden). Monaââ¬â¢s story is a common story of the majority of Egyptian women, who are exposed to sexual harassment on a daily basis in public places, such as streets, markets, and public transportations or private places, such as colleges, sports clubs, and workplaces. According to a U.N.Women report in 2013, 99.3 percent of Egyptian women haveâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They are taught that they have the right to control women in their lives, such as their sisters, daughters, wives, and even mothers. As a lot of Egyptian men accustom to violate the rights for the women in their lives, they v iolate the rights of any woman they can take advantage of by harassing her in any way verbally or physically. Results of a study by The Egyptian Center for Womenââ¬â¢s Rights in 2013, show that 62.4 percent of the male surveyed admitted committing one or more act of women sexual harassment, such as molesting women, using obscene language, shouting sexually explicit comments, and touching womenââ¬â¢s bodies (11). Secondly, a lot of Egyptian males look at a woman as a body, an object, or a tool for pleasure not as a human being who has emotions, intelligence, and privilege. Results also show that 41.8 percent of the male surveyed believe that the harassing acts accrue to satisfy their sexual desire and to feel more confident (Hassan, Shoukry, and Abul Komsan 11). These results emphasize how harassers look to women as just bodies controlled or owned by another man either father, brother, or husband, and they are not as equal as men in human rights. Finally, Egyptian youth try to imitate harassment acts to prove that they become adults. The same scenario happens almost every holiday or huge gathering, groups of youth break through crowded streets and public areas seeking to harass velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-12855919828773222202020-05-17T11:11:00.001-07:002020-05-17T11:11:05.317-07:00An Overview of Municipal Waste and Landfills Municipal waste, commonly known as trash or garbage, is a combination of all of a citys solid and semisolid waste. It includes mainly household or domestic waste, but it can also contain commercial and industrial waste with the exception of industrial hazardous waste (waste from industrial practices that causes a threat to human or environmental health). Industrial hazardous waste is excluded from municipal waste because it is typically dealt with separately based on environmental regulations. Five Categories of Municipal Waste The second category of municipal waste is recyclable materials. Paper is also included in this category but non-biodegradable items like glass, plastic bottles, other plastics, metals and aluminum cans fall into this section as well. Inert waste is the third category of municipal waste. For reference, when discussed with municipal waste, inert materials are those that are not necessarily toxic to all species but can be harmful or toxic to humans. Therefore, construction and demolition waste is often categorized as inert waste. Composite waste is the fourth category of municipal waste and includes items that are composed of more than one material. For example, clothing and plastics such as childrens toys are composite waste. Household hazardous waste is the final category of municipal waste. This includes medicines, paint, batteries, light bulbs, fertilizer and pesticide containers and e-waste like old computers, printers, and cellular phones. Household hazardous waste cannot be recycled or disposed of with other waste categories so many cities offer residents other options for hazardous waste disposal. Municipal Waste Disposal and Landfills Today, landfills are engineered to protect the environment and prevent pollutants from entering the soil and possibly polluting ground water in one of two ways. The first of these is with the use of a clay liner to block pollutants from leaving the landfill. These are called sanitary landfills while the second type is called a municipal solid waste landfill. These types of landfills use synthetic liners like plastic to separate the landfills trash from the land below it. Once trash is put into these landfills, it is compacted until the areas is full, at which time the trash is buried. This is done to prevent the trash from contacting the environment but also to keep it dry and out of contact with air so it will not quickly decompose. About 55% of the waste generated in the United States goes to landfills while around 90% of waste created in the United Kingdom is disposed in this manner. In addition to landfills, waste can also be disposed using waste combustors. This involves the burning of municipal waste at extremely high temperatures to reduce waste volume, control bacteria, and sometimes generate electricity. Air pollution from the combustion is sometimes a concern with this type of waste disposal but governments have regulations to reduce pollution. Scrubbers (devices that spray liquids on smoke to reduce pollution) and filters (screens to remove ash and pollutant particles) are commonly used today. Finally, transfer stations are the third type of municipal waste disposal currently in use. These are facilities that where municipal waste is unloaded and sorted to remove recyclables and hazardous materials. The remaining waste is then reloaded onto trucks and taken to landfills while the waste that can be recycled for example, is sent to recycling centers. Municipal Waste Reduction Composting is another way cities can promote municipal waste reduction. This type of waste is comprised solely of biodegradable organic waste like food scraps and yard trimmings. Composting is generally done on the individual level and involves the combination of organic waste with microorganisms like bacteria and fungi that break down the waste and create compost. This can then be recycled and used as a natural and chemical free fertilizer for personal plants. Along with recycling programs and composting, municipal waste can be reduced via source reduction. This involves the reduction of waste through the alteration of manufacturing practices to reduce the creation excess materials which get turned into waste. The Future of Municipal Waste To further reduce waste, some cities are currently promoting policies of zero waste. Zero waste itself means reduced waste generation and the 100% diversion of the remainder of waste from landfills to productive uses via materials reuse, recycling, repair and composting. Zero waste products should also have minimal negative environmental impacts over their lifecycles. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-52932297445693031842020-05-14T00:15:00.001-07:002020-05-14T00:15:04.444-07:00Training Methods (Management) - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1332 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Customer Satisfaction Essay Organization Essay Did you like this example? Purpose of the company Today, due to the increased number of educated people who do not have a job, the employees have to show their worth in the company to remain relevant. The allowances that are offered in the workplace depend on the ability of the employees to attract more customers or make more sales. Some companies give the workers commission for every good or service offered to the customer. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Training Methods (Management)" essay for you Create order Just like any other person, the employees have been taking advantage of the situation and if they have a way of showing the made a sale of good or service to the customer even if they did not (Valentine et al. 2015). This shows how business culture can affect the company to a point for employees can be deceptive just to have an additional income. In this case, we will look at the Sunshine Bank and how training can help to grow and achieve the goals and objective of the company without being deceptive. The bank mission is To develop a good culture which will ensure trust and satisfaction to the customers. Size of the company Sunshine company is made up of 200 employees who need to be trained to prevent unethical behavior which can affect or taint the reputation of the company. Training the entire staff member can be expensive but can help to ensure efficiency in the workplace to satisfy the needs of the customers. Training 200 employees cannot be difficult because the number is still small compared to that other company that has more than 2000 employees. Sunshine is just a small bank located in Florida in the United States whose vision states To offer the same quality services to our customer using ethical employees. The needs of the customer should always be met to make the bank reliable and trustable. Handling the finance of people and keeping it safe in a manner that they can retrieve it as they like is not easy. It would be a shame for a customer to go to the bank to withdraw some cash only to find that the bank does not have the money. The reason why banks can lack finances is mismanagement and em ployee mistakes or fraud. When the customer learns about such problem from a bank, they withdraw their finances which can result in bankruptcy. The trigger event that started the training session Every time a company gets the need to train the employees is to prevent unwanted circumstance in future. The triggering event for the training session for sunshine banks was the case of Wells Fargo where employees were opening fake accounts for the company to get the allowances. Sunshine bank is a business which can face the same problem, and the employees need to understand the effect of such behavior as well as the consequences if a staff member is caught in such activities. For instance, in September 2016, Wells Fargo was charged $185 million for the illegal practices which saw the employees create an account for people without their consent. The mission of sunshine bank seeks to protect the integrity of the bank as well as ensure the customers are satisfied. Although the employees did that to protect their jobs by achieving quotas, the bank had to pay the consequences of their action. Such unethical behaviors do not only happen in Wells Fargo, and other companies in the same industry need to train the employees to prevent such behavior. The manager of the sunshine bank wants to examine the training behavior of all the employees in the company and ensure they follow the ethical standards. The target population of the company Sunshine seeks to train all the employees irrespective of their hierarchy in the company. Most of the time, training session leads to changes in the company and therefore, it is important to conduct a change management. According to Kotters eight principles of change management, it is important for the manager to create a powerful coalition in the business which will convince the rest of the staff members the importance of the training session. The coalition can only be made through depth training to the employees who are high in the hierarchy and work with them to implement and lead change (Mayet al. 2014). Training the entire staff is important and helps to create a culture in a company that employees can follow. If need be, the manager of the sunshine bank can decide to shuffle the employees according to the findings of the training session. The ethicalcode in the workplace can be developed in the company to help guide the employees of the ethical behavior. The manager can discu ss with the employees on the importance of having a written code of conduct in the company (Mayet al. 2014). The written code of conduct can be placed in an area in the company where employees can see what they should or should not do in the workplace. The assessment method The best method to use for a company that has approximately 200 employees is instruction design. The design must consider the characteristics and behavior of the leaner and implement a strategy which helps them to have enough courage to handle difficult issues in the company. The company can also contribute to the problem of unethical behavior in the workplace (Itani et al. 2017). For instance, in the case of Wells Fargo, the employees might have feared to lose their jobs for not delivering in the jobs as required. Today, banks have been affected greatly by the advanced technology which people use to keep their money. For example, the network service provider companies have been providing people with an account where they can keep, transfer, save and even get short-term loans. Therefore, people do not need to open banks accounts and keep their money, which exerts pressure on the sales personnel in the banking institution to lie on the system. However, with a good communication s trategy in the company, people can gain the courage to address their problems as well as report unethicalbehavior in the workplace. The manager should also understand that it is important to retain employees. Although in the management career one has to replace employees, the cost of training a new employee is higher than a worker who already understands the culture of the company. The cost of training new employeesincludes recruitment and administrative cost, cost of teaching variable skills among others (Itani et al. 2017). However, the training cost depends on the position of the employees in the company. For instance, for an employee earning $8 per hour, the cost would increase to $9 per hour. Therefore, for the sunshine company, the cost of training all the employees can be estimated at $ 200 per hour. The company can prevent such cases by teaching the people in the organization the importance of ethics and teamwork. The company is not mainly made up of the premises and c apital but the human resource which workstogether to reach the companys goals and objectives (Mayet al. 2014). Unethical behavior in the workplace such as ignorance of professional ethics can affect the image and reputation of the company which resultsin loss of customers and reduced profits which affect the company leading retrenchment of employees. Cases like that of Wells Fargo shows that the reason for unethical behavior in an organization can lead to penalties and loss of employment if the behavioris known.. The employees are very important part of the organization, and it is their responsibility to uphold and build ethical selling skills. References Valentine, S., Fleischman, G., Godkin, L. (2015). Rogues in the ranks of selling organizations: Using corporate ethics to manage workplace bullying and job satisfaction. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 35(2), 143-163. Itani, O. S., Jaramillo, F., Chonko, L. (2017). Achieving Top Performance While Building Collegiality in Sales: It All Starts with Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22. May, D. R., Luth, M. T., Schwoerer, C. E. (2014). The influence of business ethics education on moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage: A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 67-80. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-72237532548291406592020-05-06T19:13:00.001-07:002020-05-06T19:13:09.389-07:00Descartes Dreaming Argument - 1420 Words The topic of this essay is Descartesââ¬â¢ First Meditations and I will be discussing in detail the Dreaming argument and the Evil Demon argument. According to Descartesââ¬â¢, ââ¬Å"As I think about this more carefully, I see plainly that there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep.â⬠This is the fundamental principle of the Dreaming Argument. The scenarios in which we experience whilst we are asleep are comparable to the scenarios we experience whilst we are awake. Often, we struggle to tell from our own perspective where our experiences are derived from; it is difficult to differentiate whether our experiences stem from reality or our dreams. The issue with this is that our unconsciousâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This can be challenged as to sit in a lecture you must be certain that youââ¬â¢re sitting in a lecture, but you cannot be certain that you are not actually dreaming, therefore you cannot be certain that youââ¬â¢re sitting in a lecture. P2 ââ¬â there is no way to be certain that the experiences we perceive to be reality are our reality. Desc artesââ¬â¢ argues that there is no way that we can be completely certain that such experiences are not unconscious experiences, ââ¬Å"Any experience that strikes me as waking experiences such that I am perceiving the environment in a normal way are indistinguishable from possible dreaming experiences.â⬠An objection to this argument is that we can distinguish being awake and being asleep. If we can remember our dreams once we are awake, we can recognise them as dreams as they generally donââ¬â¢t make sense which differs from our logical conscious experiences. Dreams are usually only coherent for a short period of time which is a distinct difference from being awake. Once we are conscious, even our most vivid unconscious experiences can be recognised as dreams. Your waking experiences can be intensely recalled whereas you do not always remember your unconscious experiences. I believe that this is a weak argument because sometime struggle to fully distinguish between reality and our dreams as our unconscious experiences are overwhelmingly intense and life-like. A counterargumentShow MoreRelatedDescartes Dreaming Argument And The Demon Argument1112 Words à |à 5 PagesIn this essay, I will explore and analyse Descartesââ¬â¢ dreaming argument and his evil demon argument. I will assess both arguments taking into account their validity and soundness whilst also considering the objections that one may have. In order to weigh up these arguments, it is important to understand Descartesââ¬â¢ reasons for formulating them: Descartesââ¬â¢ believes that it is important to be certain of the things that one believes to be true which, in turn, causes him to question the things that heRead MoreAnalysis Of Descartes Dreaming Argument812 Words à |à 4 PagesDescartes dreaming argument suggests that perhaps our senses cannot be fully trusted because we cannot be certain we are not dreaming, and this means we therefore cannot be certain of anything. His evil demon argument is similar but uses the idea of an evil demon deceiving you instead of your senses. These sceptical arguments mean that we cannot be certain of anything at all for it may be happening whilst we are dreaming, or we are being tricked into thinking it is happening. I do not agree withRead MoreAn Analysis Of Descartes And The Dreaming Argument1390 Words à |à 6 PagesThis essay will take a look at Descartes Dreaming argument a nd Evil Demon argument. As well as discussing their weaknesses and strengths to later decide which argument is the best. Despite my belief of subjective truths, the reason for doing this is to establish both arguments on an equal basis and to determine which would be best in an argument. The Dreaming argument first showed up in Descartes First Meditation, where he focusses on the task to educate himself on his own doubt. When meditatingRead MoreThe Strengths And Weaknesses Of Descartes Dreaming Argument And Evil Demon Argument1430 Words à |à 6 PagesThis essay will attempt to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Descartesââ¬â¢ dreaming argument and evil demon argument. Through discussion, I will show why the evil demon argument is more plausible than the dreaming argument. The essay will give a brief definition of the two arguments and explain why these arguments are important. Then I will discuss the two arguments, considering both sides and referencing previous work by other philosophers. I will conclude with a short summary of the topics coveredRead MoreDescartesArgument For Skepticism1120 Words à |à 5 PagesIn Descartesââ¬â¢ first meditation, he proposes an argument for skepticism about the external world based on the possibility of dreaming. I wi ll argue that Descartesââ¬â¢ argument for skepticism is flawed. In this essay I will explain Descartesââ¬â¢ argument, explain why Descartesââ¬â¢ argument is flawed, and consider an objection to my own argument. 1. Descartesââ¬â¢ Argument In order for Descartes to doubt the existence of the external world, he has to establish that he could be dreaming. In Descartesââ¬â¢ first meditationRead MoreCritique of Descartes Dream Argument Essay examples1527 Words à |à 7 PagesPhilosophy 101 14 November 2008 Critique of Descartesââ¬â¢ Dream Argument Descartes has written a set of six meditations on the first philosophy. In these meditations he analyzes his beliefs and questions where those beliefs were derived from. The first mediation of Descartes discusses his skeptical hypotheses; questioning the validity of the influences of his knowledge. He has a few main goals that are expressed through the first meditation. First off, Descartes wants to build a firm foundation of knowledgeRead MoreThe Dream Argument by Rene Descartes Essay1008 Words à |à 5 Pagesfamous arguments, from his not only from his first meditation but all of the meditations, is his Dream Argument. Descartes believes that there is no way to be able to distinguish being in awake from being in a state of dreaming. In fact you could actually be in a dream right now. Rene Descartesââ¬â¢s theory that one is unable distinguish being awake from dreaming, as interesting as it is, can be at times a little farfetched, along with a few contradictions to himself, Descartesââ¬â¢s dream argument does notRead MoreDream Argument Essay893 Words à |à 4 Pagesï » ¿Jacob Sebert November 13, 2013 Descartes Dream Theory Descartes arguments in meditation I can be proven wrong through discrepancies and contradictions. Authors Peter Simpson and Ludwig Wittgensteins have similar points on skepticism where they have found specific inconsistencies. When primarily looking at Descartesââ¬â¢ dream argument we can see a contradiction in his statements. He sets out to demonstrate the similarity between ââ¬Å"wakingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"dreamingâ⬠. His intention was to prove that there is noRead MoreEssay on Descartes Dream Argument - Philosophy1406 Words à |à 6 Pagesdo we know we are not dreaming some particular experience we are having, or we are not dreaming all our experience of this world? When we dream we imagine things happening often with the same sense of reality as we do when we are awake. In Descartes dream argument, he states there are no reliable signs distinguishing sleeping from waking. In his dream argument, he is not saying we are merely dreaming all of what we experience, nor, is he saying we can distinguish dreaming from being awake. I thinkRead MoreThe Dreaming Argument And The Evil Demon Argument1271 Words à |à 6 PagesDescartes organised his ideas on knowledge and skepticism to establish two main arguments, the dreaming argument and the evil demon argument. The dreaming argument suggests that it is not possible to distinguish between having a waking experience and dreaming an experience. Whereas, the evil demon argument suggests that we are deceived in all areas of our experiences by an evil demon. This essay will investigate the validity of the arguments and to what extent the conclusion of these arguments is velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-63017622478551176282020-05-06T14:29:00.001-07:002020-05-06T14:29:09.753-07:00Definitions of Film Response Essay Samples Ib Definitions of Film Response Essay Samples Ib So, it's important to entertain yourself from every facet of entertainment. Bear in mind that if you analyze your paper, your principal task is to make certain your audience understands the key points without a lot of difficulty. A small change can begin an enormous chain reaction in the proper direction to solving many issues involving our environment. Social media might be noisy location, and just in focusing on your work and content can you find some type of peace in the middle of attempting to be heard. School Response Essay Writing isn't a breeze. You may have a look at our Sample College Essays for more information. Academic papers need you to identify a specific angle to pursue in writing, which is going to be the basis of the paper. If your school isn't one already, learn to develop into an IB World School as a way to implement the DP. After the first couple of weeks of the semester, you're expected to produce your own writing topics. As a way to excel in an elongated essay, the student must strategize to be able to comprehensively compose a topic. Many students decide to use essay samples to compose their papers but it's not always an excellent idea. You will have the ability to review a sample essay. To make it simpler for you to compose a crucial analysis essay, we've got a valuable analysis writing template that will direct you through the most vital points. A reading response essay pursues the purpose of summarizing a text below your consideration and demonstrating your reaction to the bit of writing. Developing a summary and response essay can be a difficult task. The other facet of Computer Science involves being in a position to program. Give a concise illustration of what's going to be discussed in the review and proceed to the thesis. Be certain that the thesis is original and at the exact same time dependent on the analysis. It's possible to download totally free essay example papers on the Internet. It's a good idea to remember that in the event that you do not write clearly, it will be quite tricky to come up with your arguments. As a way to understand that you're working with a crucial analysis, you've got to try to remember that analysis means breaking down and studying of the parts. As stated in my preceding post defining artificial intelligence is notoriously challenging. You have to reveal your critical thinking abilities and make judgments about the subject as you analyze a report, so it's possible to produce clear opinion and conclusions. A completed movie is similar to a puzzle. Illustrate both the message of the film and the way the film connects to a person. Construct a narrative overview of how you intend to talk about your films. Written By Nicole Goldstein One of the absolute most important elements in a film is the vital expression of the film that you're making. First of all, you've got to observe the movie. Movies are among the most affordable, but, at precisely the same time one of the most enjoyable and all-inclusive entertainment. Therefore, they mean entertainment as well as a medium of a message to change the perception. The movie thus is among the great must watch on account of the above stated reasons. A movie review writing guide provides the writer instructions on the best way to compose a movie review. On the last part, you may also compare the documentary with others in the exact same genre or subject in order to produce readers have more thorough understanding of the review. The introduction is easily the most appealing method of the way to begin a movie review, and contains the overview of the film and opinion which will be stated. The introduction for a movie review needs to be appealing, so the reader can find the feel of wanting to read more. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-78270160266370917602020-05-06T00:51:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:51:19.070-07:00Change Management in Dynamic Health Care Systems Implementing the Str Question: Discuss about theChange Management in Dynamic Health Care Systemsfor Implementing the Strategies. Answer: Introduction Change occurs continuously, it may be that we are indifferent to it, support it or be passive to it. The complexity in these changing surroundings is managing the change efficiently. It is all about planning, evaluation and implementing the strategies, tactics and operations that make sure that the changes are relevant and worthwhile. According to Kotter, change is both situational and emotional and therefore he proposed a multi step model. The model has 3 phases that can be used to change a technology that ensures the provision of efficient, safe and high quality care for the patients. Kotter change management model involves why the organisation needs the change, why the changed state would be better for the patients and the hospital, what changes are necessary, what new skills will be required along with the technology, and how the staff will be trained regarding these new skills (Chappell,et al.,2016). Managing change in any setting is a challenging, complex and dynamic process. C hange is never a choice between people oriented solutions or technology but it is a combination of all. Healthcare organisations around the world have a continuous and sustained push to implement electronic records based on the promise that the technology will improve productivity, function and quality of the healthcare organisations and for the patients(Al-Abri RK, 2007). One of the main concerns in the health care sector is the management of change. It is difficult to ensure that the health care professionals acquire and maintain the change. Reform driven changes or disruptions; continue to impact the healthcare industry in cost control efforts and its transparency. Changes in health care sector are moving at a fast pace, as practices strive to implement policy requirements and regulatory requirements. (Menachemi N, 2011),( Stewart, et al.,2007) Understanding new models like PCMHs that is patient centered Medical Homes and EMR electronic medical record deployments are not only about technology. They are about equipping the organisation to reach business objectives by enabling people with technical knowledge and capability that make things possible (Reed, et al.,2012). In Maryland State University the change that is going to take place is the implementation of the certified electronic health record technology or CEHRT. This is an academic medical centre that has hospitals, 2 campuses, and 40 outpatients sites that are located on the campus of the university. EMR implementation is beginning this year with the introduction of the ambulatory EMR. This will be followed by implementation phases which will include outpatient sites and lastly will be followed by a BIG BANG implementation process all across the campus. We will replace the numerous systems for revenue cycle management, scheduling, registration, and orders and compile all of them in a single record for ambulatory and inpatient documentation. This year in October we started the meaningful use reporting for professionals that are eligible for supporting the change. This change will happen simultaneously when providers are attending to patients and are trying to maintain a work life balance. Electronic medical record keeping create a lot of oppurtunities for the healthcare sector as they transform the way in which the care is delivered. Medical errors are reduced therefore increasing internal efficiency for administrative and clinical users. This in turn increases the revenue along with other critical benefits (Rouette, et al., 2016). Times like these can be stressful for the staff and the providers as electronic medical record implementation can be disruptive. Therefore to oversee a smooth transformation in the organisation it is crucial that the change management process is well developed. In the case of Maryland State University there are several reasons why switching to EMR will be quite useful. Some of these reasons are paper records are limited and it cannot be shared or stored. In spite of the fact that the hospital has a template for the clinicians the handwriting does not allows for the documents to be shared(Rodriguez-Vera FJ, 2002). Hardcopy of each record is quite expensive to copy by the photo copier machine when the numbers are quite high(Menachemi N F. E., 2007). The records are not private as files can be seen by someone who has access to the storage. Electronic medical records in Maryland State University will add to the organised way that is needed to record details of the patients. Through the use of EMRs the clinicians will be able to navigate through the history of the patient easily which will help in reducing time that is wasted in finding a specific detail about the patient(Blumenthal D, 2010). Another goal that the management is aiming for is increase in productivity and efficiency which EMRs will be able to provide. Through the use of EMRs redundant paper work will be decreased but it could be achieved only when the templates provided are used judiciously. (Erstad,2003),( Attieh, et al.,2013) The approach that we would use in Maryland State University is a gradual rollout which is followed out with a BIG BANG approach that is for all the locations. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. As for some it would be easier to implement and install everything at one place, which works best for hardware. However if we thing about the user perspective a physician wants the same workflow at any location. Same goes for the patient who wants that his records should be shared with all providers and locations. For us the physicians preference was the top priority therefore we choose the specialty focused rollout for each location keeping in mind the specific need for that location (Kokkonen et al., 2013). This enabled us to meet the needs of all locations and our planning involved representatives leaders from all the locations. This approach will also help the medical record department as they have to choose dates for orders and documentation for the transition from ha rd copy (Paper) to electronic format. (DHuyvetter, 2014) The key elements that we have to manage during the change process are ensuring leadership support. Leadership communication and support is a key factor for successful implementation therefore leaders have to be identified at each level whether it is division, system, department, hospital or unit. In this we would also include the medical school as it is also associated with the organisation. The areas of compliance that would be closely monitored are patient safety, privacy, legal, and security. For this we would implement a scorecard system for feedbacks, this system will enable the leaders to identify areas that are lagging in compliance and are addressed easily. We appointed a physician leader in each location who was trained in the use of the application and would encourage the staff to accept the electronic records and its implementation (Noble, et al.,2011). Another key element that we have to manage during the change is the training. Training would be provided at regular inter vals during the implementation process (Bossen et al.,2013). We had already decided that training will be continuously provided till two months after the go-live. Training is necessary for the users to learn about the system and to practice the relevant components. It is crucial that the training should not be done beforehand as we want that the material should be fresh in users mind at the time for go live. This also maintains a sense of impending activity and urgency. We would train similar users and would tailor content accordingly as it is more effective (Sung, Choi, 2013). Users are found to be more attentive when the training material is tailored specifically for their needs. Training can only provide a preparation for the EMR use but it in the go-live phase that the users actually interact with the system in their daily work environment. Therefore it is critical to provide well planned support at the go-live phase. The most important part in this planning is deciding the pro portion for support personnel per user which determines the timing the intense support will go on. We would take the ratio of 1:1 for providers and 1:3 for the remaining staff (Campbell, 2012). The length of the timing after the go live is taken as 4-6 weeks which will depend on how frequently the user interacts with the system. Initially we would provide at the elbow intense and active support which will allow the user to use the maximum tools in the EMR application. This will also allow them to explore options for the patient care which will only enhance the system use. Through this the users will gain confidence which will allow us to taper the support gradually. The gradual removal of trust will reduce the feelings of being deserted . Therefore the transition will be from direct support to calling the helpdesk if they need any help. We are prepared that implementation process will be overwhelming even after the prework and training. A plan is also needed to ensure that support s taff and trainers are able to return regularly in order to help users. Therefore it was decided that trainers would return in intervals of 2-3 months in the first year after go live and then in six months the next year. We need to keep in mind that there is a people side of any change management and same goes for implementing electronic medical records. The main issue during transition is the messiness of it and when in case of a hospital the staff can have issues with numerous factors. Some of these factors are their comfort with use of computers, fear from change and commitment to the hospital. The enhancements and the new system are determined by the users who have different backgrounds, experiences with technology and references. Therefore managing the change needs an adoption plan that ties workflow harmonization, reinforcement, sponsorship, communication and training with the business part of the organisation. The key elements that have to manage during this change process are changing the way how the people work, the technology, and the processes. Changes create uncertainty in the minds of the people even when they are not happy with the current state. This is due to the fear of loss which in this case could be fear of losing their jobs, social position and loss of self esteem. Team pressure is another element the staff has to deal with as, not all would be happy with the change. These people would try to influence other to not accept the change as well. These people will resist the change as they think that change is not in their best interest especially when they would have heard negative stories about IT implementations in health sector. The only remedy to overcome these issues is to involve the staff in all planning and implementation at all levels. Just as people have to change their way to work because of the EMR addition, many existing organisational processes and practices would also be changed. This would require that the staff responsible for these processes is able to implement the changes that are required to deal with the organisational changes taking place. They are experts in their respective processes therefore they can recommend and head changes that ar e needed for desired outcomes. The best move is to rely on your staff as they are able to pilot changes to achieve desired goals. The transition from paper to EMRs will be tough as many practices will not transition from paper to electronic record. This would require implementing other initiative to improve patient care. This stage cannot be understated. Technology is another key element that has to be managed as the staff has to meet the patient engagement measures simultaneously with the change taking place. This means that many factors such as security measures for patients personal data, additional storage, patient portal access and secure messaging application have to be taken care of. It is also crucial that the patients are informed about the new technology and the implications associated to it. This could be attained by developing a one page poster or handout in the office that explains the changes and the planned benefits from the change. This implementation would engage th e patients into discussing about their quality of health with the care they are achieving. Keeping track of the progress is equally important to fix problems throughout the implementation process. Implementing change can be hard and stressful for everyone in the hospital but identifying some success factors is a strategy that can help in determining which management interventions are needed (Chaudhry et al.,2006). Measurement of the success of change process has to be planned during the planning of the change process. This measurement serves numerous purposes as it guides towards the goal achievement and also alerts the managers about the mid course correction. There are many ways in which the success of the change process can be measured. Some of these ways that are applicable in case of a hospital are individual employee assessments which include how the staff is handling the change and how it is progressing. This can be done with the help of utilization and usage reports, proficiency measures, adoption metrics, employee or staff feedback, observations of the behavior ch ange, surveys for employee satisfaction, error logs, issue and compliance logs(Walker et al.2005). These ways also measure the performance of the change by checking the business and change readiness, checking if the change is adhering to the timeline, and how it has improved the performance of the organisation. It is also important to measure the effectiveness and success of change process. To measure this we would check for trainings effectiveness. This could be easily tracked by checking for training participation and through skill tests. Another way to measure change process success is by knowing that how many stakeholders approve and understand the reason for change. A project can be unsuccessful if it has project delays due to decision delays and low commitment from the stakeholders. The approach that we would follow to incorporate the learnings from this change management would be an empowerment approach for any future change management. This approach enables collaboration between the staff, managers and leaders in the implementation of any new system or technology. High staff involvement is primary to this approach that involves the staff in decision making at levels (Farnham, 2003). Sharing of responsibilities and power is practiced in this approach. The core of this approach is empowerment which provides the employees with control, redistributed authority, adaptability, increased organisational flexibility and shared decision making and all of these are required for successful change whether it be in IT industry, manufacturing or any other sector or industry. EMRs have tremendous potential to improve productivity, outcomes in patient care, and quality but they also require a major change in the healthcare sector (Hillestad et al.,2005). A well planned change process and implementation of the process requires leadership support and involvement from the staff. With the help of effective training along with optimization the process of transitioning can be made smooth and can reduce the effects on the organisation productivity. References Al-Abri RK, Al-Hashmi, IM (2007). The Learning organization and healthcare education. SQUMJ , 89-96. Attieh, R., Gagnon, M.-P., Estabrooks, C. A., Lgar, F., Ouimet, M., Roch, G., Grimshaw, J. (2013). Organizational readiness for knowledge translation in chronic care: A review of theoretical components.Implementation Science,8(1), 1119 Blumenthal D, Tavenner M (2010). The meaningful use regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med , 501504. Bossen, C., Jensen, L. G., Udsen, F. W. (2013). Evaluation of a comprehensive EHR based on the DeLone and McLean model for IS success: Approach, results, and success factors.International Journal of Medical Informatics,82(10), 940953. Campbell, B. W. (2012). Effective change management in a regional sub-acute ambulatory care services setting.Australian Health Review,36(1), 39 Chaudhry B, Wang J, Wu S, et al.(2006). Systematic review: impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care.Ann Intern Med, 144(10), 742752 Chappell, S., Pescud, M., Waterworth, P., Shilton, T., Roche, D., Ledger, M., Rosenberg, M. (2016). Exploring the process of implementing healthy workplace initiatives.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,58(10), e341e348 DHuyvetter, C., Lang, A. M., Heimer, D. M., Cogbill, T. H. (2014). Efficiencies gained by using electronic medical record and reports in trauma documentation.Journal of Trauma Nursing,21(2), 6871. Erstad T.(2003). Analyzing computer based patient records: a review of literature.J Healthc Inf Manag.17(4):5157 Farnham, D., Horton, S., White, G. (2003). Organisational change and staff participation and involvement in Britains public services.International Journal of Public Sector Management,16(6), 434445. Hillestad R., Bigelow J., Bower A., Girosi F., Meili R., Scoville R., Taylor R.(2005). Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform Health Care? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs.Health Affairs.24(5),110317 Kokkonen Erik W., Davis Scott A., Hsien-Chang Lin, Dabade Tushar S., Feldman Steven R., Alan B., Fleischer Jr (2013). Use of Electronic Medical Records Differs by Specialty and Office Settings.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association.20, e33e38 Menachemi N, Ford EW, Beitsch LM, Brooks RG (2007). Incomplete EHR adoption: late uptake of patient safety and cost control functions. Am J Med Qual , 319326. Menachemi N, Prickett C, Brooks R (2011). The use of physician-patient email in Florida 20052008: a follow-up examination of adoption and best practice adherence. J Med Internet Res , 23-36. Noble, D. J., Lemer, C., Stanton, E. (2011). What has change management in industry got to do with improving patient safety?Postgraduate Medical Journal,87(1027), 345348 Reed, P., Conrad, D. A., Hernandez, S. E., Watts, C., Marcus-Smith, M. (2012). Innovation in patient-centered care: Lessons from a qualitative study of innovative health care organizations in Washington state.BMC Family Practice,13(1), 5669 Rodriguez-Vera FJ, Marin Y, Sanchez A, et al (2002). Illegible handwriting in medical records. J R Soc Med , 545546. Rouette, J., Gutierrez, E., ODonnell, J., Reddeman, L., Hart, M., Foxcroft, S., Brundage, M. (2016). Directly improving the quality of radiation treatment through peer review: A cross-sectional analysis of cancer Centres across A provincial cancer program.International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics,(10),28-32. Sung, S. Y., Choi, J. N. (2013). Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(3), 393412 Stewart, J., ODonnell, M. (2007). Implementing change in a public agency.International Journal of Public Sector Management,20(3), 239251 Walker J, Pan E, Johnston D, et al.(2005). The value of health care information exchange and interoperability. Health Aff, (10), 15-18. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-9618737678796774292020-05-05T15:24:00.001-07:002020-05-05T15:24:11.952-07:00Profitability of Commercial Banks in the UK-Samples for Students Question: Discuss about the Determinants of profitability of Commercial banks in the United Kingdom. Answer: Introduction A literature review is a significant part of research study as it shows viewpoints of previous research scholars on the current topic. The present study is based on the factors which affect the profitability of commercial banks in the United Kingdom by considering banks earning capacity and various aspects of banks operating performance. Several studies of research scholars are evaluated to know the factors that change the profits of commercial banks. Literature Review According to the study of Saeed (2014) factors that affect the profitability of banks can be categorized into two parts which are internal and external. The first one i.e. internal factor refers to the organization objectives, policies and decision which are in control of management. It is one of the reasons which create a difference in the profitability of different banks. In this aspect, Boria and co-authors (2017) had stated that Banks performance largely depends on the management efforts, qualification and experience of employees which include a decision regarding loan portfolio concentration. Efforts, awareness and control over the decision of senior officials of banks are required for good bank performance. Study of Alessandri and Nelson (2015) control over the expenses is considering the main factor of banks profitability. Through proper analysis of the expense management can increase the chances for improvement in the profitability department. This fact is supported by the study of Culpepper and Reinke (2014) which states that behind the success of every big organization whether it is banks or other businesses is man power. The senior officer, management and labour give their best to their work. If management can manage the staff expenses, then they can reduce the cost. There is no problem to give staff good salary if banks performance is continuously growing. Gibson and Thirlwall (2016) believes that there are some external factors which are beyond the control of management decisions and policies but have significant influence over the profitability of banks. It is included in the performance report which helps to identify the reasons behind performance separately. To support this statement, the study of Saghi-Zedek and Tarazi (2015) shows the relationship between market structure and profitability. Banks performance is measured by the traditional structure conduct performance (SCP) hypothesis and the efficiency structure (EFS) hypothesis. Some economist using several free variables which are linked to the feature of both external and internal factors for explaining banks profitability. The traditional structure conduct performance (SCP) says that bank can increase their profit margin by lowering their deposits interest rate and increasing their loan interest rates, but relative market power hypothesis (RMP) says that only those firms who have different product and have big market capital can earn super normal profit (Apergis, 2014). If performance structure relation is characterized by dichotomous relationship then monopoly profits can be earned by the bank that operates above the critical level of concentration while competitive profits can be earned by the banks that operate below the breakeven point. According to Campiglio (2016), the second approach of efficient structure (EFS) hypothesis is challenging traditional structure conduct performance (SCP) hypothesis. In this approach, some firms in the industry have superior efficiency, so market concentration depends on them. EFS hypothesis refers to the big firms which generate huge profits which result increase in market concentration (De Jonghe and ztekin, 2015). Many researchers want to differentiate between these two hypotheses, so they take market share as an independent variable with a positive coefficient which supports EFS hypothesis. There are some other variables in banking sectors like the scale of regulation. After giving permission to state wide banking operating cost and not performing asset is reduced which lead bank to grow faster as a comparison to their rivals. Many researchers say that ownership may influence the profitability of banks. In this aspect, Hall and Co-authors (2016) had stated that the solvency and stability of the financial institution are affected by inflation. Inflation can change the profitability of banks according to the level of inflation. The effect of inflation can be clearly seen on the customers of financial institutions because of change in demands. Inflation can lead to increase in nonperforming assets because there are difficulties in cash flow. Factors which affect profitability can be considered as demand factor. Study of Fredriksson and Moro (2014) shows that it is generally believed that change in population and income is an important demand factor. Per capita income is no t directly affecting the earning capacity of banks. For example oil crisis and commercial real estate crashes. If there is a downward slope in real estate, then it can affect banks earning but did not effect on per capita income. Some of the researchers say that profitability of banks is not affected by the locations of banks, on the other hand, some of the researchers say that location can have a big impact on banks earning (Cohen and Scatigna, 2016). Conclusion On the basis of this part of the study, the conclusion can be drawn that profitability of the banks can be primarily affected by management policies and decisions. It can be controlled because it is an internal factor, but there are some external factors which are not in the control of management such as inflation, market economic condition. To maintain the performance, management must check or modify their policies according to outside environment References Alessandri, P. and Nelson, B.D., 2015. Simple banking: profitability and the yield curve.Journal of Money, Credit and Banking,47(1), pp.143-175. Apergis, N., 2014. The long-term role of non-traditional banking in profitability and risk profiles: Evidence from a panel of US banking institutions.Journal of International Money and Finance,45, pp.61-73. Borio, C., Gambacorta, L. and Hofmann, B., 2017. The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability.International Finance,20(1), pp.48-63. Campiglio, E., 2016. Beyond carbon pricing: The role of banking and monetary policy in financing the transition to a low-carbon economy.Ecological Economics,121, pp.220-230. Cohen, B.H. and Scatigna, M., 2016. Banks and capital requirements: channels of adjustment.Journal of Banking Finance,69, pp.S56-S69. Culpepper, P.D. and Reinke, R., 2014. Structural power and bank bailouts in the United Kingdom and the United States.Politics Society,42(4), pp.427-454. De Jonghe, O. and ztekin, ., 2015. Bank capital management: International evidence.Journal of Financial Intermediation,24(2), pp.154-177. Fredriksson, A. and Moro, A., 2014. BankSMEs relationships and banks risk-adjusted profitability.Journal of Banking Finance,41, pp.67-77. Gibson, H.D. and Thirlwall, A.P., 2016.Balance-of-payments theory and the United Kingdom experience. Springer. Hall, S., Foxon, T.J. and Bolton, R., 2016. Financing the civic energy sector: How financial institutions affect ownership models in Germany and the United Kingdom.Energy Research Social Science,12, pp.5-15. Saeed, M.S., 2014. Bank-related, industry-related and macroeconomic factors affecting bank profitability: a case of the United Kingdom.Research journal of finance and accounting,5(2), pp.42-50. Saghi-Zedek, N. and Tarazi, A., 2015. Excess control rights, financial crisis and bank profitability and risk.Journal of Banking Finance,55, pp.361-379 velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-85940693736497845212020-04-20T21:46:00.001-07:002020-04-20T21:46:02.680-07:00Women in Psychology Essay ExampleWomen in Psychology Essay Mary Whiton Calkins is best regarded for the contributions that she made in the field of psychology. She is among the few women to enter the field of psychology in the initial era. She had witnessed many obstacles in life; which she overturned by willingness to succeed, career and education. She set her as an example to all other women in her generation who struggled due to gender inequality. She was like a ray of hope for other women to follow. Her achievements and contributions in the field of psychology raised a voice against the social taboo of gender bias and discrimination against women. She was a commendable doctoral student but still couldnââ¬â¢t attain access into Harvardââ¬â¢s seminars and its laboratories. Her passion towards the subject of psychology and her self-determination encouraged her to open the first psychology laboratory in 1891 at Wellesley College in the United States. She invented paired-associate technique in the laboratory of Wellesley College. The gender inequality taboo deprived her from the doctorate award by the Harvard. This struggle from injustice did not discourage her to contribute to the society in a broader sense. She was crowned to be the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and the American Philosophical Association. Background, Early Life Education We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mary Whiton Calkins was born in Hartford, Connecticut on March 30, 1863 in a German family to Charlotte and Wolcott Calkins (cited in Zusne, 1984). Out of the five children, Mary Calkins was the eldest. She was very close to her mother and her family. Mary went to the local elementary school where she learnt German in private sessions. In 1880, at the age of seventeen she shifted to Newton, Massachusetts when her family decided to move due to her fatherââ¬â¢s job transfer. In 1881, Mary Calkins took admission in Newton High School (cited in Furumoto, 1980). She graduated from Newton High School where she wrote a graduation essay: The Apology Plato should have written: a vindication of the character Xantippi (cited in Johnson, 1997 McHenry, 1995). She then entered Smith College in the year 1882 as a sophomore. In the Spring of 1883, unfortunately her sister Maude died due to illness. This sad experience created a deep hollow in her inner-self throughout her life. She opted to stay back at home to impart education to her younger siblings and to support her mother who was ill. This didnââ¬â¢t fend her to learn continuously at home. She then learnt Greek which supplemented her study of classics. She rejoined Smith College in the year 1884 as a senior student and graduated in 1885 with in-depth study of classics and philosophy. (cited in Johnson, 1997). In 1886, the Calkins family went to Europe for sixteen months where she nurtured her knowledge of classics in the University of Leipzig (cited in McHenry, 1995). She returned to Massachusetts in 1887 and joined Wellesley College as a tutor in Greek to impart knowledge of the subject to women (cited in Furumoto, 1980). Theoretical Perspective Mary Whiton Calkins submitted many important theoretical facts to the world of psychology. The two forms of psychology that was popular at the time were ââ¬Å"science of selvesâ⬠and the ââ¬Å"atomistic psychologyâ⬠. She called it a compatible relation between functional and structural psychology. She engaged herself to seek compatibility between the doctrine of psychological views with the views of liberty and fundamental values of people that she perceived in day-to-day life. She also believed that awareness of oneââ¬â¢s own existence which collectively put forward the thoughts and feelings of common people need to be observed from the viewpoint of efforts and actions. The thoughts and feelings should also be observed that existed in the mind. She could easily distinguish between these two viewpoints due to her knowledge of classics and religion. She used Professor Munsterbergââ¬â¢s distinction of the objective view with that of the subjective view. This made her to introduce the principle of ââ¬Å"the double standpointâ⬠in the field of psychology. She then published her first article on ââ¬Å"self-psychologyâ⬠in 1900. This article formed the base and was theoretically of prime importance to write the book ââ¬Å"An Introduction to Psychologyâ⬠in October, 1901. Calkins believed in ââ¬Å"personalistic absolutismâ⬠which made her to gradually research in the field of philosophy. At that time, psychological views showed a general tendency towards behavioristic approaches. She believed that consciousness occurred personally and the mind would get transformed from a low level of being and would change according to the variance in environment and behavorial laws that guided an individual. Contributions to Psychology A significant contribution that she made in the field of psychology was that in September 1891, when she opened the first psychological laboratory for Women at Wellesley College. For many years she wrote articles which reported experiment results. She also helped many of her students in publishing journals and in the research of psychological aspects. She worked under the supervision of Edmund C. Sanford on a research level project which dealt with studying dreams and its contents in the year 1891 for 49 days. They collectively recorded 375 dreams and extracted vital information which was later believed to help the field of neurosciences. They submitted their research report at Clark University in the first annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. She contributed vastly to the field of psychology by inventing the Paired-Associate technique. This research was regarded to be considered as a subject of applied psychology which was used as a tool for human learning. Calkins devoted majority of his life in the research of Self-Psychology as she was interested in day-to-day experiences of selves and its importance in lives of common people. In her career, she wrote four books and published hundred-and-five articles in the field of philosophy and psychology. She also published The Persistent Problems in Philosophy and The Good Man and The Good in 1907 and 1918 respectively. She published her autobiography in the year 1930 with the motto to change psychologists into self-psychologists. Conclusion Although, Mary Whiton Calkins contributed vastly in the field of psychology and philosophy through her research activities, yet she was denied doctoral degree from Harvard and was disallowed to present her thesis as she was a woman. She even declined the invitation of accepting a doctorate degree from the Radcliffe College due to her selfless nature. She as a female ahead of her time had already proved to the entire world when she became the first female president of both the American Philosophical Association and the American Psychological Association in 1918 and 1905 respectively. She condemned the discrimination against women for the right to cast vote. Mary Calkins was detected with an incurable cancer in 1926. She retired from the Wellesley College as Research Professor in 1929. She died at Newton, Massachusetts on February 27, 1830 (cited in Zusne, 1984). She will be remembered as a feminist who was an eminent scholar and an admirable teacher. She strongly believed in idealism. She faced many criticisms in her era due to her ideologies but stood against it. She provided explanations and clarifications patiently to safeguard idealism against racism and pragmatism. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-87603837136761495852020-04-03T12:26:00.001-07:002020-04-03T12:26:02.641-07:00Choking In Sports Essays (1680 words) - , Term Papers Choking In Sports Want to know why athletes choke and what it does for their careers? Mitch Williams and Scott Norwood are two players that choked in big games and lost their careers because of it. They played in two different sports, but had similar positions. I will go through each position and what the NFL and MLB expect of these players. I will show you what kind of pressure Mitch Williams and Scott Norwood went through. I used sports web sites to find this information. I think that choking affects so many people and the outcome of games. Fantastic athletes that do there job with ease, but when it comes down to the big game, they play like how you and I would play. First, lets examine what a kickers job is in the sport of football. The kicker is a specialist whos sole purpose is to kick the football through the uprights. In the NFL, if the kicker fails to kick the field goal in about 80 to 90 percent of the time, the kicker is released or fired. This is the way the NFL is. The trick to being a gre at NFL kicker is consistency. The kicker makes, at average, the league minimum which is $250,000 a year. They only receive one to two year contracts. The biggest being Morten Andersen, who is one of the greatest kickers of all time. His contract is for about five years, all not guaranteed, for $870,000 dollars a year. There are reasons for this. The big thing for kickers in the NFL these days are a strong legged kicker who can make 50+ yard field goals. Most teams are all looking for the Morten Andersens. John Hall has one of the biggest legs in the business, but he only made 18 field goals out of 27 tries. This is not a good average, but since he can make these long field goal with ease, he keeps his job. Most of the kickers hired are fired within only two years because they cannot keep this same standard and not have a toll on them physically and mentally. Norwood missed a field goal in super bowl XXV, Obviously, it ended his career. Actually, Norwood came back and kicked one more season (1991) for the Bills, but he was never the same. He's now retired and lives in Virginia. Jacke, a noted long-range kicker, made 77.8 percent of his field-goal attempts (21 of 27) that season, although he was seldom tested in pressure situations. Vinatieri was under more pressure -- and stayed busier -- making 27 of 35 FG attempts. Jacke came out of Texas-El Paso. On the surface, he is more laid-back than Vinatieri. Inside, they are both the same nervous. Kickers cringe at the thought of the game having to be in their hands, and rightfully so. They dont hang out with the rest of the team, they are basically outcast. Yet, they are supposed to come in and win the game for their team. They know that if they miss, in any game not just the Super Bowl, they might lose their job and in the case of Scott Norwood the rest of their career. With four seconds left and the Bills trailing the Giants 20-19, Norwood missed wide right on a 47-yard attempt, giving the Giants their second Super Bowl title in five seasons. Norwood never lived it down. In fact, during that season's playoffs, he declined on occasion to discuss the kick. In his seven-year NFL career, Norwood made 72 percent of his field goals, but his percentage dropped steadily, from 86 percent in 1988 to 62 percent. Those close to Norwood claim he hasn't been affected by the intense scrutiny. But make no mistake, he hears the whispers around town. Scott Norwood was one of the best kickers in the league until the kick. Now think to yourself What if he would have made it? The answer would be that I wouldnt have much a paper to write. I believe that due to the stress of missing that kick, he was no longer able to be the kicker he once was. Now god knows that some players can bounce velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-3738727508474816922020-03-15T21:39:00.001-07:002020-03-15T21:39:03.046-07:00The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse Essay ExampleThe Summer of the Beautiful White Horse Essay Example The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse Paper The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse Paper This short story is a part of a book written by William Saroyan that centers on Aram, a nine-year-old boy from the Garoghlanian family. The Garoghlanian family is a tribe of Armenian descent that has immigrated to California. In this tribe they value honesty above all else ââ¬Å"most important of all, though, we were famous four our honestyâ⬠(p. 160). Aram and his cousin Mourad went on an adventure during a summer season; it emphasized the tribeââ¬â¢s behavior which ran on their own sense of morality but not according to the laws of society. In this story, Saroyan brought out the theme redemption through action. In other words, redeeming or restoring the Garoghlanian familyââ¬â¢s name through a kind act. This story also shows how in the Garoghlanian family, material wealth is not important to the tribe members. Whatââ¬â¢s important is being true to one self and to the family and it is what makes a man good. Aram reflected innocence. According to him the world was full with imagination and life was beautiful with mysterious dreams. At nine years old he was trying to find a way to integrate the culture of the family or the tribe with the culture of his life in this new land. However, his earliest memories were about horses and the desire to ride them. Due to the fact that the family was poor, it was a mystery for people to understand how they eat everyday let alone afford a horse. Therefore, Aram could not believe his eyes when cousin Mourad showed up sitting on a beautiful white horse to his window. Despite the tribe was poverty-stricken; it remained famous for their honesty. As a result Aram refused to believe that cousin Mourad had stolen the horse. Sadly, Aram realized that the horse was stolen. However, according to him stealing a horse for a ride was not necessarily stealing, as it was not considered as stealing money or selling the horse ââ¬Å"For all I knew, maybe it wasnt stealing at all. If you were crazy about horses the way my cousin Mourad and I were, it wasnt stealingâ⬠(p. 160). They decided to keep the horse a secret and hide it in order to learn to ride. To Aram, cousin Mourad was a free spirit even though he was considered the crazy streak of the tribe. Cousin Mourad reflected life and wilderness; he had a way with animals, especially with horses. He was a good horse rider. He was not in the world by mistake ââ¬Å"â⬠¦he enjoyed being alive more than anybody elseâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (p. 160). He was considered the natural descendant of their uncle Khosrove. Given that in the tribe ââ¬Å"a man could be the father of his sons flesh, but that did not mean that he was also the father of his spiritâ⬠(p. 161). In other words, cousin Mourad was carefree as uncle Khosrove and people often dismissed their behavior. Riding horses was significant to Aram and cousin Mourad, it was a wonderful feeling. In the days that follow they rode and they let the horse run as long as it felt like running. After all, when Aram wanted to ride alone it was up to the horse according to cousin Mourad. However, every time Aram tried to ride the horse alone he leaped over grape vines and small trees and threw him and ran away. Regardless, he was determined to ride like cousin Mourad. One day Aram and cousin Mourad was taking the horse to the farm at which they have been hiding it. They came face to face with the farmer John Byro the horseââ¬â¢s owner. After careful examination he concluded that this white horse was identical to the one that was stolen from him many weeks ago. Nevertheless, since the Garoghlanian tribe was known for its honesty he refused to accuse them, he showed compassion and wisdom, for ââ¬Å"a suspicious man would believe his eyes instead of his heartâ⬠(p. 164). Aram noted that cousin Mourad looked ashamed even though he did not admit to anything. The next day they brought the horse back to the ownerââ¬â¢s farm. Later that day John Byro visited the Garoghlanian family home and told them about his horse which was mysteriously disappeared from his farm and had returned, not only that, the horse was better trained and well-tempered. The horse represented several things to Aram and Mourad in Saroyans story. The first would be a sense of indescribable beauty. It was magnificent, lovely and exciting. Second of all they were mesmerized by the presence of the horse and decided to fulfill their passions and interests. Being hesitant at first, Aram gave in knowing that his behavior could potentially disrupt the balance in the family. In other words it could tarnish the family good reputation. On the other hand, cousin Mourad completely let his passion and interest namely animals guided him. After the encounter with John Byro, they quickly realized their mistake and guilt led them to return the horse and redeemed the familyââ¬â¢s name. Overall, the Garoghlanian family was still known for their honesty, John Byro found his lost horse better than it was before and Aram and cousin Mourad fulfilled their dreams. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-77484872649439589582020-03-08T09:22:00.001-07:002020-03-08T09:22:02.808-07:00The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot DevelopmentThe ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development By Mark Nichol Plot develops out of conflict, either external, such as a person or an event that precipitates a series of actions the main character undertakes, or internal, driven by the protagonistââ¬â¢s wants and/or needs. How that character, and others, makes choices and otherwise responds to stimuli determines the course of events. The traditional structure of a plot is linear, in which the protagonistââ¬â¢s actions are charted in a more or less straight line, although many stories shift from that personââ¬â¢s point of view to that of one or more other characters as the tale progresses. Others involve one or more flashbacks, introducing new elements to the overarching plot or by explaining elements that appeared in previous acts (known as Chekhovââ¬â¢s Gun). In one sense, there are innumerable stories; looking at storytelling another way, various analysts have discovered variable finite numbers of basic plots (such as the quest, which is ubiquitous in all genres), though these types have a seemingly infinite number of variations, as a visit to any large bookstore or library will attest. But stories almost invariably follow a simple pattern, in which rising action propels the protagonist through a series of complications that result in a climax, followed by the falling action of the resolution. At this point, the character, or at least the characterââ¬â¢s circumstances, have changed, though most readers (and writers) find it most satisfying if the character has experienced significant growth or change and has accomplished a palpable goal, such as a physical journey that has allowed the character to achieve some reward, or an intangible goal that still satisfies the readerââ¬â¢s desire for the protagonist to undergo a metamorphosis of some kind. Writer Annie Lamott created a helpful mnemonic catechism, ABCDE, to help writers remember the basics. Here are the elements: Action: Set the scene with an event that launches the series of events that constitutes a story. This scene should happen as early as possible, and though writers renowned and obscure alike have broken this rule with some degree of success, observe it unless you have an outstanding reason not to. Background: Context is essential to settle your readers into the story, though, as indicated above, it usually follows initiating action. Pay it out parsimoniously, however, and donââ¬â¢t let your reader get ahead of your protagonist, or youââ¬â¢ll likely release the dramatic tension prematurely. Conflict: Such tension is produced by your protagonistââ¬â¢s impetus to achieve a goal. That goal should be specific, and, for the story to be compelling, it should be something the character canââ¬â¢t live without. To be even more so, it shouldnââ¬â¢t be easy for the character to satisfy that desire. The tension is produced by desire, but it is sustained by obstacles to attainment of that desire. Development: This element constitutes the bulk of the plot; it is the journey, and all the events and incidents along the way. These happenings should bring the protagonist ever closer to resolution of the conflict, and they should steadily escalate in import and impact to heighten the suspense and keep the reader engaged in the story. End: The final step is further subdivided into a mnemonic trio: The crisis is the stage at which the protagonist must decide how to resolve the conflict, the climax is the tipping point at which the conflict is resolved, and the consequences consist of the state of affairs that exists after the crisis and the climax has the main character changed, or has the main character changed the world in some way? What is the outcome of all that has come before? This stage in a story, also called the denouement, is the final, necessary release of dramatic tension. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Letter Writing 101 velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-89053062218540702352020-02-28T12:05:00.001-08:002020-02-28T12:05:03.124-08:00Black world study Intellectual Autobiography EssayBlack world study Intellectual Autobiography - Essay Example e the black historical experiences, the African-American experience, the race and ethnicity struggles, social stratification and black American renaissance movements that fostered black cultural identity (Bobo and Hudley 43). I am now aware that Africa continent is the cradle of mankind since there is existing documented anthropological evidence of existence of human beings and evidence of early civilizations in countries such as Egypt. The history of European colonization of African countries and enslavement of blacks in Western Hemisphere was critical for understanding how blacks of contributed to the diverse nature of societies across the world and how their force labor furthered overseas trade. I learned about the origins of transatlantic slave trade that mainly supplied slave labor to the southern cotton plantations in the new world between 1400 and 1800. The Jim Crow laws and Black Codes discriminated the blacks and perpetuated slavery by ensuring segregation and arrest of violent and escaping slavery. The blacks encountered extreme poverty during the Great Depression due to lack of formal jobs and low education levels (Bobo and Hudley 47). The program introduced me to the race, gender, and class oppression that affected the Black world and how the blacks struggled to overcome the various forms of enslavement, oppression, discrimination and prejudice in the society. The program enabled me understand how the black struggles against oppression led to the amendments of the US constitution such as the provisions that allowed equal participation in elections and fair justice procedures. Accordingly, black power movements strengthened human right activists who spearheaded the anti-discrimination legislation such as the Civil rights Act of 1967. I have learned that black people used civil disobedience to steer racial reforms and some organizations that spearheaded the demand for equality include Black Panther Party and Black Student Movement (Bobo and Hudley 44). velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-21388562728231682532020-02-20T23:48:00.001-08:002020-02-20T23:48:03.522-08:00Memorable Childhood Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsMemorable Childhood Experience - Essay Example While legendary quarterback Joe Montana was gone, Steve Young had emerged as a serious force. Not knowing much about the intricacies of the game I grew to love watching Young play because he could scramble and make sensational things happen. For the last few years, the team had gone deep into the playoffs but had always been beaten by the Dallas Cowboys. I hated the Cowboys. But this year was different; they had brought on sensational cornerback Deion Sanders and were easily the most exciting team in football. As such it that year it became a childhood tradition of watching the games on Sunday. When my parents told me that in December we would be visiting San Francisco to celebrate the birth of my cousin and get to go to a game, my mind immediately shot to the team. Not that I didnââ¬â¢t appreciate having a new cousin, or visiting California, but after all this was the 49ers. Looking back on the experience I laugh at my singular focus on the team. We would fly into the Bay Area and my parents and I toured the city. I witnessed Alcatraz in the background, went up and down the famous hills, and over the Golden Gate Bridge. Today these are the important experiences, but back then they were only roadblocks between me, Candlestick Park, and the 49ers taking on the Denver Broncos. As we entered the stadium I remember being awestruck. I had seen replays on television of famous games that had been played here ââ¬â dramatic comebacks orchestrated by Montana to send the team to the Super Bowl. I donââ¬â¢t remember much about the actual game. I remember focusing on the players and being mesmerized at being able to see them in person. The game itself was a blowout, with the 49ers destroying the Broncos. Lopsided victories were sort of a 49ers tradition.à velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-16437757874808574782020-02-12T04:51:00.001-08:002020-02-12T04:51:03.418-08:00The Island of Plenty by Johnson C. Montgomery EssayThe Island of Plenty by Johnson C. Montgomery - Essay Example The present research has identified that Johnson C. Montgomery was the attorney general in the city of California and former member of an organization situated in America. The organization was popularly known as Zero Population Growth, and it was extraordinarily effective in fulfilling its targets and goals through the assistance of Montgomery. He later ventured in literature and was able to write an exceptionally captivating book that got the attention worldwide. The book was called ââ¬ËThe Island of Plentyââ¬â¢ and its review appeared first in the Newsweek magazine in the year 1974. The article was clear in the assertion of its points, and consequently got some criticisms from a section of the populace who felt that it was deceitful. The article was titled My Turn on the Newsweek magazine before it was later renamed The Island of Plenty. The author of the book supports the idea that America should isolate herself from helping other countries, until the time they had enough su stainable resources. Montgomery argues that the isolation is necessary for America to concentrate in solving their internal problems first. The writer has used rhetorical devices such as alliterations, assonance, cacophony and onomatopoeia in this piece. The writer uses alliteration in to emphasize that the growing populace is the main reason why there is food shortage in the world, ââ¬Ëthe problem is that there are too many people-many too manyââ¬â¢. The repetition is on the word ââ¬Ëmanyââ¬â¢, which has been repeated severally in the sentences. Through this use of the rhetorical devices, he has managed to emphasize the point of an immense populace causing famine. ââ¬ËWe owe to our children- and to their childrenââ¬â¢s, childrenââ¬â¢s, childrenââ¬â¢s, childrenââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ is a sentence the writer is emphasizing on the importance of planning to take care the future of our children. Montgomery succeeds to show his point the use of alliteration to show the readers the importance of having a well-planned future for the younger generation. Therefore, he presents the alliteration well in a manner that brings understanding to the reader. Assonance Assonance is the repletion of a similar sound in a sentence to emphasize on a theme to that of an article being read. The sentence ââ¬ËAmple food and resources exist to nourish man and all other creatures to indefinitely into the futureââ¬â¢, successfully show how America is well equipped with resources that feed their citizens. Irony The writer velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-83500861932513424002020-02-05T02:14:00.001-08:002020-02-05T02:14:02.792-08:00W6 D Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsW6 D - Assignment Example (ââ¬Å"UN, United Nationsâ⬠, n.d.) The UDHR also, incidentally, is a part of the International Bill of Human Rights, which encompasses several other instruments that work simultaneously in upholding the fundamental rights of individuals regardless of their legal status. Within the ambit of a globalising world, there have been several instances when nation-states, whether collectively or individually, whether by agreement or otherwise, have stepped in to resolve issues of rampant human rights abuses in tyrannical dictatorships and in instances of racial genocides. Recent examples include the NATO intervening in Libya in 2011to stop its long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi from committing such atrocities; the stepping in of the United Nationsââ¬â¢ Peace Keeping Forces in Congo, Kosovo, Liberia and Sudan. These are just a few examples when the concept of ââ¬Å"humanitarian interventionâ⬠as enshrined in the UN Charter as an exception to general non-intervention gained publi c light and scrutiny. What this means is that, as a general rule, nation-states are prohibited from interfering in the domestic affairs of other states, except when such an intervention is on humanitarian grounds and is justified by its objective of putting a stop to instances of rampant human rights violations occurring in the state. The evolution of this widely agreed, albeit contentious, law can be said to have been triggered by the Nazi pogroms against the Jews. The collective conscience of the world was shocked as the realization dawned on them that while an attempt was made at exterminating a whole race of people, other people of the world chose to look the other way. That should not be allowed to pass ever again. After it has been established with reasonable agreement amongst jurists that an individual is a subject of international law, as opposed to the object of it, the hierarchical position of importance given to its subjects faced a dynamic change. At this juncture, uphol ding the rights of individual attention received a great fillip at the international level, even at the expense of the rights of a nation-state. This can be said to be a gift of the French and American Revolutions and general enlightenment in the body of laws as to the status of individuals. While, on the one hand, slavery, discrimination and other forms of subjugating people were outlawed, states began to be tasked with a greater burden of international accountability with respect to any violations thereof (ââ¬Å"UN Criticized for Using Private Security Firmsâ⬠, n.d.). Whether or not an intervention is legitimate and in the interest of upholding international justice remains a question with tenuous answers. There is a wide array of justifications provided by intervening states and even more so by states that have been accused of carrying on these violations. There are different questions: whether such an intervention has been sanctioned by the Security Council or the General Assembly of the UN, whether such an intervention was indeed necessitated by the scale of such violations, whether a proportionate amount of force was used, and whether there exist any ulterior motives or vested interests lying at the velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-82408247753606098242020-01-31T16:45:00.001-08:002020-01-31T16:45:03.793-08:00Personal Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsPersonal Reflection - Essay Example In this course reflection paper, I will discuss trust in God and also to love God and my neighbors. Trust is one of the hardest traits to gain when dealing with others, so that makes it difficult to reach that level with God. Trust is not specifically mentioned much in the bible, but there are many verses that touch on this area. One such verse is "For I know the plans I have for you, declares the Lord, plans to prosper you and not to harm you, plans to give you hope and a future."1 This is one of the most powerful verses in the bible, yet it is also very simple as well. Anyone could understand the meaning of this verse, even those who do not consider themselves to be Christian. The key theme of this verse is to trust God because he has the future all mapped out already. Too many people have stress in their life because they are uncertain of what will come next. I learned in this course that as a Christian I should not worry about tomorrow and instead trust God that everything will come to pass. There are many verses in the bible that can be interpreted multiple ways, but this is not that is almost crystal clear. From this verse I now understand that God already knows my future, and so I should just trust him and not worry about my life. The second point I want to touch on is the simplest commandment of them all, and that is to love God and love my neighbor as myself. Jesus said "Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment.à And the second is like it: ââ¬ËLove your neighbor as yourself."2 These verses are quite clear that we must love God first and then once we have that connection we can then move onto the next stage. I must admit that this verse is a great help for Christians who do not know how to live their lives. In the Old Testament there were many laws and commandments, and it was almost too difficult to follow all of them. However, velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-64419010206323465032020-01-27T22:36:00.001-08:002020-01-27T22:36:04.684-08:00Child Observation for Development AnalysisChild Observation for Development Analysis Kirsty Lynch Child Observation Study Introduction By the age of six, children are moving out of what Erikson called the initiative vs Guilt-purpose period and are moving into the industry vs inferiority-competence stage of their lives. This is a main developmental stage in the life of a child where many milestones are hoped to be achieved by. To demonstrate the developmental stage of a six year old child I have conducted this child observation study. The setting of this child observation takes place in what appears to be a computer room in a primary school. There are three students present in the room, two girls, Mackenzie and Isabella aged six and one boy, Noah who is also six years old. There is one female adult present in the observation, the childrenââ¬â¢s teacher. There are a small number of adults present in the background, this is because it is a communal computer room and these other adults are not part of the observation study. The activity thatââ¬â¢s taking place is a teaching lesson in which the teacher is demonstra ting patterns to the children and asking the children, at first to work together to complete the pattern and then to individually finish the patterns themselves. The child who is the focus of this observation study is Noah, the six year old boy. Observations: Discussion: From observing Noah in his school environment, it is easier to see the developmental stage that he is at, the milestones that he has reached are quite evident and his developmental stage is quite clear and progressing well, however there are a few milestones which Noah should have reached by the age of six which it seems he has failed to reach, here I will discuss Noahââ¬â¢s Physical, Emotional and Cognitive development and I will link it in with developmental psychology to illustrate where Noah is at in his Development and where he should be. Physical Develop: Noahââ¬â¢s physical development seems to be normal for his age, in comparison to Isabella and Mackenzie he seems to be the same height and slightly broader which is normal for a boy of his age. By the age of six years old, children usually reach an average height of about three foot ten inches and they normally weigh about forty-six pounds. These are just average figures but from observing Noah he seems to fit into this profile, although it is hard to judge his weight from the observation, he appears a healthy weight for his height and age. At the age of six years old, children have a lot of energy and they enjoy engaging in activities which involve a lot of movement. In order to achieve these movements, children require the use of Gross motor skills (Clarke McDowel, 2006). It is evident that Noah has a lot of energy and that his gross motor skills are developing at an appropriate rate. Noah canââ¬â¢t sit easy, is constantly moving his arms and hands, he makes shapes with his hands and at one stage imitates a bird using hand movements. It can be seen that Noah has good muscle control and good co-ordination. Noahââ¬â¢s fine motor skills can also be seen. Fine motor skills require dexterity, which is the good use of hands and fingers. By six years of age children have reached the stage of being able to use many fine motor skills, such as tying their shoe laces, good hand control and good use of both of their hands (Clarke McDowel, 2006). Noahââ¬â¢s fine motor skills can be seen little by little throughout the observation, Noah uses both of his hands consistently to complete the puzzles and he has the ability to turn the shapes into objects, Noah does this when he makes the shape of a house out of the shapes on the table. Intellectual Development: Noahââ¬â¢s communication does not seem to be at the level that it should be at for a six year old child. By the age of six most children can maintain attention, concentrate and can sit quietly during activities. Noah however, lacked concentration and only paid attention when he was being giving attention for his turn; he was unable to hold his concentration during the other students turns. At times Noahââ¬â¢s speech was quite hard to understand, it was sometimes slightly slurred. A child of Noahââ¬â¢s age should have an extended vocabulary and should be able to explore the meaning and sounds of new words, their speech should be precise and clear by this age. Children tend to express themselves by using new words, making up stories and developing their own narratives and explanations by connecting ideas together (Clarke McDowel, 2006). Noah did not seem to have an extended vocabulary and his speech seemed very limited at times, he only spoke when he was seeking attention or when he wanted acknowledgement or praise for completing a task. Emotional and Social Development: At six years of age children should be able to identify and convey feelings and interact with adults and other children. As children develop they learn how to show affection, manage aggravation and irritation and understand jealousy and sadness (Clarke McDowel, 2006). While Noah has reached most of this developmental stage there are a few points within this stage which Noah has not completely met yet. The milestones which Noah has achieved at this developmental stage in his emotional and social development are co-operation, solving problems, seeking attention and becoming competitive. Although he co-operated, most of the time, Noah was quite fidgety while awaiting his turn. Noah was quite competitive, which is normal for a child of his age, and he likes the attention to be focused on him. Noah asked the teacher to ââ¬Å"lookâ⬠at him a number of times and at one stage said ââ¬Å"see, look, watch how fast I amâ⬠as he was seeking attention and praise from the teacher. His sense of security seems to be reliant on praise from adults that he trusts; in this case that was his teacher. However, Noah was also quite irritated when it was not his turn to complete the puzzle, he had to be asked a number of times to wait his turn, by this age Noah should have a sense of controlling irritation and following instructions set out by his teacher. Cognitive Development: Children play an enormous role in their own cognitive development. They do this by trying to understand whatââ¬â¢s going on around them by organising, explaining, constructing, manipulating and predicting. We can see that Noah plays an active role in his cognitive development, he understands what is being asked of him, he knows what he is meant to do and constructs shapes and patterns with the pieces supplied by his teacher. At the age of six, children also see patterns in objects and actions of the world and they can often attempt to organize these patterns to try and explain the world. Noah demonstrates this when he sees a house in the shapes that are on the table, he then constructs a tree to go along with the house because in Noahââ¬â¢s perception of the world this is what is normal, houses, gardens, maybe trees in the garden or outside on the road. However, Noah also demonstrates some limitations in his cognitive development. Noah has trouble controlling his own attention, when the attention is on him Noah behaves and does what he is asked to do, he displays an intense interest in learning and takes pride in completing the patterns, but when it is Mackenzie or Isabellaââ¬â¢s turn, Noah lacks attention, he is twisting and turning in his chair, fidgeting with his hands and looking around the room. Noah becomes slightly frustrated that he has to take turns, the attention isnââ¬â¢t on him and the learning does not come about as quickly as he would like because he has to wait. Developmental psychology: During the Initiative vs Guilt-purpose stage children desire to copy the actions of the people around them and they take initiative in creating a play situation. Noah has reached this developmental stage as he shows that he can take instructions and copy what the teacher does, the teacher demonstrates how to do the patterns and Noah is quick to copy what she does, he is able to complete the pattern and he is able to turn the task into a play situation, he illustrates this by building a house out of the shapes that he is working with. Noah has accomplished this milestone and is moving into the Industry vs Inferiority-competence stage, which is often referred to as the latency stage. This stage allows children to learn, create and accomplish a number of new skills and Knowledge and helps them to develop a sense of industry. Noah shows that he is competent in this stage by completing the patterns that the teacher gives him with ease and he takes pride in completing these tasks. However, this is also an incredibly social stage of development, where experiences of unresolved feelings of inferiority and inadequacy among other children can have problems in relation to competence and self-esteem. Noah seems to be constantly looking for attention, he canââ¬â¢t sit easy if itââ¬â¢s not his turn and if he is not been giving attention. He is constantly looking for acknowledgement and praise for completing his tasks, itââ¬â¢s as if he is trying to prove that he is capable and better than the other students at completing the task., he says ââ¬Å"See, look, watch, watch how fast I amâ⬠. Freud says that during the Latency stage sexual urges remain subdued and that children tend to play and interact with the same sex peers. In this observation Noah is with the opposite sex, however, there is no indication as to whether Noah chooses to be in this group or whether the teacher specifically put him in this group for observational purposes. If Noah was placed in this group it could account for why he felt the need to prove his capability over the girls, it is hard to tell whether Noah would have acted the same if he was in a group with boys. Piagetââ¬â¢s preoperational stage is just coming to an end by the time a child is six years old. Piaget states that a child should have reached the milestone of being able to use basic logic but may still not be able to understand how other people perceive the environment (Crawford and Walker, 2003). Attachment: Attachment is the close, continuous relationship with at least one other person that children need in order to develop a confident, stable, integrated personality (Fawcett, 2009). Mary Ainsworth came up with the three different types of attachment that a child could experience; Securely attached being the usual, standard attachment where children explore by themselves and can sometimes show some signs of concern when they are separated from their parents but usually settle and continue to play. , Insecure Avoidant, where children seem indifferent on whether or not the parent is there and insecure ambivalent, where children experience great upset when the parent leaves and opposing reactions when the parent returns (Ainsworth et al, 1978). Children tend to view the person that they are attached to as a secure foundation, a source of reassurance and someone who encourages them and offers them guidance (Crawford and Walker, 2003). Noah shows this attachment with his teacher. He looks to his teacher for guidance when completing the patterns, and he seeks praise and encouragement from her upon completing the task, he asks her to ââ¬Å"lookâ⬠and ââ¬Å"seeâ⬠what he has done. It is difficult to determine Noahââ¬â¢s attachment with his teacher in such a short amount of time, he does not ignore the presence of his teacher, nor does he cling to his teacher, although Noah does seem to constantly be looking for the teachers attention, this could indicate a lack of attention at home, or having to seek attention at home. Tentative Conclusions: From observing Noah it is clear that his development is on the right track. Noahââ¬â¢s physical development is normal for his age and he has accomplished many of the physical milestones that a six year old should have accomplished. His intellectual development is at a slower development rate than the average child of Noahââ¬â¢s age. Speech and language therapy could be used in order to help Noah develop his speech and language to an appropriate level. Noah does not seem to engage in conversation much and with the help of a speech and language therapist this could encourage Noah to engage more in conversation with his peers and his teacher. Noah seems to enjoy play and he enjoys praise for completing tasks, Play Therapy could be a useful resource to help Noah understand how to control his irritations and to help him concentrate. Noahââ¬â¢s development is on the right track but with a little help from the likes of a speech and language therapist or a play therapy specialist, Noahââ¬â¢s development could be improved to an appropriate level for a six year old child. Reflexive Piece: When beginning this observation, I had my own idea of what a six year old child should be doing and how far along a six year olds development should be. I thought back to what I was like when I was six years old, I could remember being in school and doing well in school, but other than that my memory of being six was not great. However, I myself have two younger brothers, one who has just turned seven years old and one who is turning six this year. From my own experience of my younger brotherââ¬â¢s developmental stages, I had a preconception that all six year olds behaved in a similar way and that most six year olds had met the same developmental markers. Some of my own professional experience also influenced me in the completion of this assignment. I had previously done a placement in The National Childrenââ¬â¢s Hospital and I worked alongside Play Specialists. The children I worked with were from infants to teenagers, but the majority of the children who were involved in the play therapy sessions were aged between four years old and nine years old. From working with those children the same age as Noah I could really see what Noah was excelling in and where Noah was lacking in some developmental stages. I had previously worked with a family whose child was at a slower developing rate than his peers and the work that I participated in with that family influenced my ideas of what could help Noah. This child was also six years of age but had not reached all of the milestones expected by the age of six; similarly, Noah had not reached some of the milestones that you would expect him to have reached. Word Count: 3,299 Bibliography: Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E. Wall, S., 1978. Patterns of Attachment: A psychological study of the strange ssituation. Hillsdale: NJ: Erlbaum. Clarke, P. McDowel, G., 2006. The Developing Child. Glencoe: McGraw-Hill. Crawford, K. Walker, J., 2003. Social Work and Human Development. s.l.:Learning Matters. Fawcett, M., 2009. Learning Through Child Observation. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Ingleby, E., 2006. Applied Psychology for Social Work. Glasgow: Learning Matters. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3487514683666884502.post-71839512418658721402020-01-23T13:09:00.001-08:002020-01-23T13:09:03.718-08:00The Pros and Cons of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Essay example -- Electroconvulsive therapy, also known as ECT, is a medical procedure that is used in the treatment of mental illness. In ECT, a small electrical impulse is sent through the brain, resulting in an ephemeral seizure. Though the process is generally effective, modern science is unaware of the explanation behind ECT's success. Its history is filled with a large amount of stigma and the use of ECT as a therapy is still debated today. ECT has evolved to a point where its beneficial effects can be maximized and its adverse effects can be minimized through proper administration. The ancient Romans were the first to use electricity to treat disease several thousand years ago; however, ââ¬Å"electrical medicineâ⬠has improved and has been utilized in the forms predating ECT in a relatively short amount of time. In the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, doctors began to notice that giving people camphor could ââ¬Å"cure lunacyâ⬠(Abrams, 2002). The doctors noticed that when administering camphor orally, it caused seizures, and upon waking up, were ââ¬Å"in a rational stateâ⬠(Abrams, 2002). In fact, in 1798, a German scientist reported that 80% of manic patients that were treated with camphor and had seizures, were cured (Abrams, 2002). As medical and technological advances occurred, so did the use of inducing a seizure to cure mental illness. In 1934, a scientist was able to bring a schizophrenic patient, who had been on a hunger strike and had not moved in four years, to recovery through a seizure that had been brought on by camphor (Abrams, 2 002). And, ââ¬Å"thus, convulsive therapy was bornâ⬠(Abrams, 2002). By the end of the year, this scientist published results of the same action given to twenty-six schizophrenics, ten patients were cured, thirteen had no re... ...ll be given. Even as ECT's use fades out, the impacts of the research will lead to necessary, and important, scientific findings. Works Cited Abrams, Richard. Electroconvulsive Therapy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. Print. Dahl, Melissa. "Shock Therapy Makes a Quiet Comeback." Msnbc.com. 6 Aug. 2008. Web. "Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Benefits & Side Effects." WebMD. 1 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. Fitzgerald, Paul. "It's Time to Move on from ECT's Shocking past." The Conversation: In-depth Analysis, Research, News and Ideas from Leading Academics and Researchers. 29 Sept. 2011. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)." Mayo Clinic. 9 July 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2014. "Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy During Pregnancy -- Miller 45 (5): 444 -- Hosp Community Psychiatry." Psychiatric Services. May 1991. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. velmalynch19http://www.blogger.com/profile/16328125893698705045noreply@blogger.com0